Fgf21 mutants and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding FGF21 mutant polypeptides, FGF21 mutant polypeptides, pharmaceutical compositions comprising FGF21 mutant polypeptides, and methods for treating metabolic disorders using such nucleic acids, polypeptides, or pharmaceutical compositions.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/285,118 filed Dec. 9, 2009, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/285,133 filed Dec. 9, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/175,736 filed May 5, 2009, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding FGF21 mutant polypeptides, FGF21 mutant polypeptides, pharmaceutical compositions comprising FGF21 mutant polypeptides, and methods for treating metabolic disorders using such nucleic acids, polypeptides, or pharmaceutical compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FGF21 is a secreted polypeptide that belongs to a subfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that includes FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 (Itoh et al., 2004, Trend Genet. 20: 563-69). FGF21 is an atypical FGF in that it is heparin independent and functions as a hormone in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism.

FGF21 was isolated from a liver cDNA library as a hepatic secreted factor. It is highly expressed in liver and pancreas and is the only member of the FGF family to be primarily expressed in liver. Transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 exhibit metabolic phenotypes of slow growth rate, low plasma glucose and triglyceride levels, and an absence of age-associated type 2 diabetes, islet hyperplasia, and obesity. Pharmacological administration of recombinant FGF21 protein in rodent and primate models results in normalized levels of plasma glucose, reduced triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In addition, FGF21 reduces body weight and body fat by increasing energy expenditure, physical activity, and metabolic rate. Experimental research provides support for the pharmacological administration of FGF21 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and other metabolic conditions or disorders in humans.

Human FGF21 has a short half-life in vivo. In mice, the half-life of human FGF21 is 1 to 2 hours, and in cynomolgus monkeys, the half-life is 2.5 to 3 hours. In developing an FGF21 protein for use as a therapeutic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, an increase in half-life would be desirable. FGF21 proteins having an enhanced half-life would allow for less frequent dosing of patients being administered the protein. Such proteins are described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An isolated polypeptide is disclosed. In one embodiment the polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO:4 or 8, and the isolated polypeptide further comprises: (a) the substitution of any amino acid for one or more of: (i) the leucine residue at position 98; (ii) the proline residue at position 171; (iii) the alanine residue at position 180; and (b) one or more substitutions selected from Tables 2-10, which are provided herein.

In another embodiment the polypeptide comprises one or more substitutions of (b) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of: (a) a cysteine mutation of Table 2; (b) an engineered disulfide bond of Table 3; (c) a stability enhancing mutation from Table 4; (d) a proteolysis-resistant mutation from Table 5; (e) an aggregation mutation from Table 6; (f) a C-terminal degradation mutation from Table 7; (g) a glycosylation mutation from Table 8; (h) an O-glycosylation-resistant mutation selected form Table 9; (i) a mutation selected from Table 10; and (j) combinations of (a)-(i).

In further embodiments, the cysteine mutation of (a) comprises a cysteine at a position selected from the group consisting of: 18-31, 33, 35-50, 54, 56-62, 64-73, 75-104, 106-135, 137-140, 152-154, 163 and 167.

In still further embodiments, the engineered disulfide bond comprises a pair of cysteine residues at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of: 19-138, 20-139, 21-33, 22-137, 22-139, 23-25, 23-28, 24-135, 25-122, 26-122, 27-123, 28-43, 28-124, 31-43, 33-21, 35-84, 41-82, 42-124, 42-126, 43-124, 50-69, 54-66, 58-62, 67-72, 67-135, 72-84, 73-93, 75-85, 75-92, 76-109, 77-79, 77-81, 80-129, 82-119, 94-110, 95-107, 100-102, 102-104, 115-117, 117-129, 117-130, 118-132, 118-134, 121-127, 123-125, 127-132, and 152-163.

In other embodiments the stability enhancing mutation comprises a D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N or Q at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of: 42, 54, 77, 81, 86, 88, 122, 125, 126, 130, 131, 139, 145, 146, 152, 154, 156, 161, 163, 170, and 172.

In other embodiments the proteolysis resistant mutation is selected from the group consisting of: (a) Q, I or K at position 19; (b) H, L or F at position 20; (c) I, F, Y or V at position 21; (d) I, F or V at position 22, (e) A or R at position 150; (f) A or V at position 151; (g) H, L, F or V at position 152; (h) A, D, N, C, Q, E, P, or S at position 170; (i) A, R, N, D, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T, W or Y at position 171; (j) L or T at position 172; and (k) R or E at position 173.

In other embodiments the aggregation-reducing mutation is selected from the group consisting of: (a) E, K or R at position 26; (b) E K, R, Q, or T at position 45; (c) T at position 52; (d) C, E or S at position 58; (e) A, E, K or R at position 60; (f) A, C, H or R at position 78; (g) C or T at position 86; (h) A, E, K, R or S at position 88; (i) C, E, K, Q, or R at position 98; (j) C, D, E, or R at position 99; (k) K or T at position 111; (l) D, E, H, K, N, R or Q at position 129; and (m) E, H, K or Y at position 134.

In other embodiments the C-terminal degradation mutation is selected form the group consisting of: (a) G, E, P or S at position 180; (b) G, P, K, T, A, L or P at position 181; and (c) A P, G, S or A at position 179. In other embodiments the O-glycosylation-resistant mutation is selected from the group consisting of: S167A, S167E, S167D, S167N, S167Q, S167G, S167V, S167H, S167K and S167Y.

In yet other embodiments the polypeptide comprises (a) the mutation at position 98 is selected from the group consisting of L98R, L98C, L98E, L98Q, L98K and L98T; (b) the mutation at position 171 is selected from the group consisting of P171A, P171R, P171N, P171D, P171C, P171E, P171Q, P171G, P171H, P171K, P171S, P171T, P171W and P171Y; (c) the mutation at position 180 is selected from the group consisting of A180G, A180E, A180P and A180S.

In a particular embodiment the polypeptide comprises the mutation at position 98 is L98R, the mutation at position 171 is P171G and the mutation at position 180 is A180E.

In another embodiment the polypeptide further comprises (i) an N-terminal truncation of 8 or fewer residues; (ii) a C terminal truncation of 12 or fewer residues; (iii) an N-terminal truncation of 8 or fewer residues and a C terminal truncation of 12 or fewer residues. In various embodiments of the truncated polypeptide, the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal.

In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 8, but wherein if the polypeptide comprises L98R, P171G and A180E mutations, the L98R, P171G and A180E mutations are not further modified.

In other embodiments the isolated polypeptide further comprises 1 to 10 amino acid residues fused to the C-terminus of the polypeptide, which can be selected from the group consisting of glycine, proline and combinations thereof.

In yet other embodiments the isolated polypeptide is covalently linked to one or more polymers, such as PEG.

In still further embodiments, a fusion polypeptide comprising the isolated polypeptide fused to a heterologous amino acid sequence is disclosed. The heterologous amino acid sequence can be an IgG constant domain or fragment thereof and can comprise, for example, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:171 or SEQ ID NO:11.

In other embodiments the polypeptide is fused to the heterologous amino acid sequence via a linker, for example a polyalanine, (Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:29), (Gly)₅ (SEQ ID NO:30), (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:28), (Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:31), (Gly)₃-Lys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:32), (Gly)₃-Asn-Gly-Ser-(Gly)₂ (SEQ ID NO:33), (Gly)₃-Cys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:34), Gly-Ser-(Gly₄Ser)₄ (SEQ ID NO:166), (G₄S)₂ (SEQ ID NO:168), (Gly₄Ser)₄ (SEQ ID NO:167), Asp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Arg-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Arg-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys (SEQ ID NO:169), Asn-Val-Asp-His-Lys-Pro-Ser-Asn-Thr-Lys-Val-Asp-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO:170), and Gly-Pro-Asn-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID NO:35).

A multimer comprising two or more fusion polypeptides is also provided.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated polypeptides disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent is also provided. Methods for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a human patient in need thereof are also disclosed. In particular examples, the metabolic disorder is diabetes or obesity.

Additionally, nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides are disclosed, as well as vectors comprising the nucleic acids and host cells comprising the vectors and/or nucleic acids are provided.

Specific embodiments of the present invention will become evident from the following more detailed description of certain embodiments and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the FGF21 truncation mutants 7-181 and 8-181 (FIG. 1A) and the FGF21 truncation mutants 1-172, 1-171, 1-169, and 1-164 (FIG. 1B); each panel shows the results obtained for a human FGF21 control.

FIG. 2 shows the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on a human FGF21 control and the FGF21 truncation mutants 3-181, 4-181, 5-181, 7-181, 8-181, 1-180, 1-178, 1-177, 1-176, 1-175, 1-174, 1-173, 1-172, 9-181, and 1-149.

FIG. 3 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid bar), human FGF21 control (open bar), or the FGF21 truncation mutants 8-181 (gray bar) and 9-181 (stippled bar).

FIG. 4 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid circles), an Fc-FGF21 control (WT) (open circles), or truncated Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 5-181 (solid triangles) or 7-181 (open triangles).

FIG. 5 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid circles), an FGF21-Fc control (WT) (open circles), a truncated FGF21-Fc fusion protein comprising residues 1-175 (solid triangles), or a truncated Fc-FGF21 protein comprising amino acid residues 1-171 (open triangles).

FIGS. 6A-6D show the results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of a human Fc-(G5)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:107) control sample (FIG. 6A) and samples of Fc-(G5)-FGF21 drawn from mice at 6 hours (Sample D6; FIG. 6B), 24 hours (Sample D24; FIG. 6C), and 48 hours (Sample D48; FIG. 6D) after injection.

FIGS. 7A-7D show the results if LC-MS analysis of a mammalian-derived human FGF21-(G3)-Fc (SEQ ID NO:105) control sample (FIG. 7A) and samples of FGF21-(G3)-Fc drawn from mice at 6 hours (Sample E6; FIG. 7B), 24 hours (Sample E24; FIG. 7C), and 48 hours (Sample E48; FIG. 7D) after injection.

FIGS. 8A-8D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) control sample (FIG. 8A) and samples of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 drawn from mice at 6 hours (FIG. 8B), 24 hours (FIG. 8C), and 48 hours (FIG. 8D) after injection.

FIGS. 9A-9D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an FGF21-(L15)-Fc (SEQ ID NO:41) control sample (FIG. 9A) and samples of FGF21-(L15)-Fc drawn from mice at 6 hours (FIG. 9B), 24 hours (FIG. 9C), and 48 hours (FIG. 9D) after injection.

FIGS. 10A-10B show the cleavage sites identified by LC-MS analysis of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (FIG. 10A, SEQ ID NO:49) and FGF21-(L15)-Fc (FIG. 10B, SEQ ID NO:41) fusion proteins injected into mice.

FIG. 11 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open bar), or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (gray bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A (SEQ ID NO:53) (stippled bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L (SEQ ID NO:55) (open diagonally crosshatched bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, P171A, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:59) (solid horizontally crosshatched bar), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G151A (SEQ ID NO:61) (open diagonally crosshatched bar).

FIG. 12 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid circles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open circles), or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (solid triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A (SEQ ID NO:53) (open triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L (SEQ ID NO:55) (solid diamonds), Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, P171A, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:59) (open diamonds), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G151A (SEQ ID NO:61) (solid squares).

FIG. 13 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open bar), or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21(P150A, G151A, I152V) (SEQ ID NO:65) (gray bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open diagonally crosshatched bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, P171A) (SEQ ID NO:63) (gray diagonally crosshatched bar), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:67) (open diagonally crosshatched bar).

FIG. 14 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid squares), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open squares), or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21(P150A, G151A, I152V) (SEQ ID NO:65) (solid inverted triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open inverted triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, P171A) (SEQ ID NO:63) (solid circles), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21(G170E, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:67) (open circles).

FIG. 15 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid bar) or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170A (SEQ ID NO:69) (gray bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170C (SEQ ID NO:71) (open crosshatched bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170D (SEQ ID NO:73) (gray and white bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170N (SEQ ID NO:75) (solid crosshatched bar), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170S (SEQ ID NO:77) (open crosshatched bar).

FIG. 16 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid circles) or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open circles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170A (SEQ ID NO:69) (solid triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170C (SEQ ID NO:71) (open triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170D (SEQ ID NO:73) (solid diamonds), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170N (SEQ ID NO:75) (open diamonds), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170S (SEQ ID NO:77) (inverted solid triangles).

FIG. 17 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid bar) or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E (SEQ ID NO:79) (gray bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171H (SEQ ID NO:81) (solid crosshatched bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Q (SEQ ID NO:83) (open crosshatched bar), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171T (SEQ ID NO:85) (stippled bar), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Y (SEQ ID NO:87) (gray crosshatched bar).

FIG. 18 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (solid circles) or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open circles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E (SEQ ID NO:79) (solid triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171H (SEQ ID NO:81) (open triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Q (SEQ ID NO:83) (solid diamonds), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171T (SEQ ID NO:85) (open diamonds), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Y (SEQ ID NO:87) (solid squares).

FIGS. 19A-19D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 control sample (FIG. 19A, SEQ ID NO:49) and samples drawn from mice at time 6 hours (FIG. 19B), 24 hours (FIG. 19C), and 48 hours (FIG. 19D) after injection.

FIGS. 20A-20D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E control sample (FIG. 20A, SEQ ID NO:51) and samples of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E drawn from mice at 6 hours (FIG. 20B), 24 hours (FIG. 20C), and 48 hours (FIG. 20D) after injection.

FIGS. 21A-21D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A control sample (FIG. 21A, SEQ ID NO:53) and samples of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A drawn from mice at 6 hours (FIG. 21B), 24 (FIG. 21C), and 48 hours (FIG. 21D) after injection.

FIGS. 22A-22D show the results of LC-MS analysis of an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L control sample (FIG. 22A, SEQ ID NO:55) and samples of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L drawn from mice at 6 hours (FIG. 22B), 24 hours (FIG. 22C), and 48 hours (FIG. 22D) after injection.

FIGS. 23A-23D show the cleavage sites identified by LC-MS analysis of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (FIG. 23A, SEQ ID NO:49), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (FIG. 23B, SEQ ID NO:51), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A (FIG. 23C, SEQ ID NO:53), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L (FIG. 23D, SEQ ID NO:55) fusion proteins injected in mice.

FIGS. 24A-24C show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the FGF21 mutants FGF21 L99R (SEQ ID NO:109), FGF21 L99D (SEQ ID NO:111), and FGF21 A111T (SEQ ID NO:113) (FIG. 24A); the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A129D (SEQ ID NO:115), FGF21 A129Q (SEQ ID NO:117), and FGF21 A134K (SEQ ID NO:119) (FIG. 24B); and the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A134Y (SEQ ID NO:121), FGF21 A134E (SEQ ID NO:123), and FGF21 A129K (SEQ ID NO:125) (FIG. 24C); each panel shows the results obtained for a human FGF21 control.

FIGS. 25A-25D show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171G (SEQ ID NO:89), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171S (SEQ ID NO:91), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171T (SEQ ID NO:85) (FIG. 25A); the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Y (SEQ ID NO:87), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171W (SEQ ID NO:93), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171C (SEQ ID NO:95) (FIG. 25B); Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) (SEQ ID NO:97), and FGF21 A45K (SEQ ID NO:99) (FIG. 25C); and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E (SEQ ID NO:79), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) (SEQ ID NO:97) (FIG. 25D); each panel shows the results obtained for a human FGF21 control.

FIGS. 26A-B show the aggregation as a function of time for wild type mature FGF21 and various FGF21 mutants; FIG. 26A shows the change in percent aggregation for an FGF21 control (WT, SEQ ID NO:4, solid diamonds) and FGF21 A45K (SEQ ID NO:99, solid circles) following incubation of 65 mg/mL protein at 4° C. for 1, 2, and 4 days, while FIG. 26B shows the change in percent aggregation for an FGF21 control (WT) (SEQ ID NO:4) and FGF21 P78C (SEQ ID NO:127), FGF21 P78R (SEQ ID NO:129), FGF21 L86T (SEQ ID NO:131), FGF21 L86C (SEQ ID NO:133), FGF21 L98C (SEQ ID NO:135), FGF21 L98R (SEQ ID NO:137), FGF21 A111T (SEQ ID NO:113), FGF21 A129D (SEQ ID NO:115), FGF21 A129Q (SEQ ID NO:117), FGF21 A129K (SEQ ID NO:125), FGF21 A134K (SEQ ID NO:119), FGF21 A134Y (SEQ ID NO:121), and FGF21 A134E (SEQ ID NO:123) (all labeled on the plot) following incubation of 65 mg/mL protein at 4° C. for 1, 6, and 10 days.

FIG. 27 shows the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on a human FGF21 control and the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A45K (SEQ ID NO:99), FGF21 L52T (SEQ ID NO:139), and FGF21 L58E (SEQ ID NO:141).

FIG. 28A is a plot showing the change in aggregation levels for the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21(6-181, G170E) (SEQ ID NO:101) (solid diamonds), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) (SEQ ID NO:97) (open squares), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E (SEQ ID NO:79) (solid triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A (SEQ ID NO:53) (crosses), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51) (open triangles), and an FGF21 control (solid circles) following incubation at 4° C. for 1, 4, and 8 days, and FIG. 28B is a bar graph also showing the results of the incubation.

FIG. 29 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS (vehicle) (solid circles) or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21(A45K, G170E) (SEQ ID NO:97) (open circles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:103) (solid triangles), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (open triangles).

FIG. 30 is a plot showing the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on human FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) (solid circles, solid line), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open circles, solid line) and Fc-(L15) FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (solid triangles, dotted line).

FIG. 31 is a plot showing the percent high molecular weight aggregates observed after nine days at room temperature (FIG. 31A) and at 4° C. (FIG. 31B) for FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) (solid circles, solid line), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) (open circle, solid line) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (solid triangles, dotted line).

FIG. 32 is a series of MALDI mass spectrometry traces showing observed changes in Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) at various points over a 168 hour time period.

FIG. 33 is a plot showing the percent change in blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice for each of a PBS vehicle control (open circles), wild-type mature FGF21 (solid squares), and the FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (inverted solid triangles); Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P) (SEQ ID NO:143) (open diamonds), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G) (SEQ ID NO:145) (solid circles).

FIG. 34 is a plot showing the percent change in blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice for each of a PBS vehicle control (solid circles), and the FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (solid triangles); Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G, 183G) (SEQ ID NO:147) (open triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G) (SEQ ID NO:145) (solid diamonds) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P) (SEQ ID NO:143) (open diamonds).

FIG. 35 is a plot showing the percent change in blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice for each of a PBS vehicle control (open circles), and the FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (solid squares); Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179S) (SEQ ID NO:149) (open triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179A) (SEQ ID NO:153) (inverted solid triangles), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180S) (SEQ ID NO:155) (open diamonds) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180G) (SEQ ID NO:157) (solid circles).

FIG. 36 is a plot showing the percent change in blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice for each of a PBS vehicle control (solid circles), and the FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) (open squares); Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179F) (SEQ ID NO:151) (solid triangles), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) (open diamonds).

FIG. 37 is a diagram graphically depicting the study design for a six-week dose escalation study performed in Rhesus monkeys. In the figure, shaded symbols indicate blood draws in the fasted state and stippled symbols indicated blood draws in the fed state.

FIGS. 38A-D is a series of plots depicting how the rhesus monkeys were randomized on OGTT profiles, OGTT AUCs and body weight; FIG. 38A depicts baseline glucose levels in OGTT1, solid square corresponds to group A, solid circle, solid line corresponds to group B and open circle, dashed line corresponds to group C before compounds or vehicle were assigned to each group; FIG. 38B depicts baseline glucose levels in OGTT2, solid square corresponds to group A, solid circle, solid line corresponds to group B and open circle, solid line corresponds to group C before compounds or vehicle were assigned to each group; FIG. 38C shows baseline glucose levels for OGTTs 1 and 2 shown in terms of AUC, the stippled bar corresponds to group A, the shaded bar corresponds to group B and the open bar corresponds to group C; and FIG. 38D shows baseline body weight, the stippled bar corresponds to group A, the shaded bar corresponds to group B and the open bar corresponds to group C.

FIG. 39 is a plot showing the percent change in body weight relative to baseline of vehicle, FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) in Rhesus monkeys; shaded bars 1 and 2 correspond to weeks 1 and 2 at the low dose, open bars 3 and 4 correspond to weeks 3 and 4 at the mid dose, solid bars 5 and 6 correspond to weeks 5 and 6 at the high dose and stippled bars 7, 8 and 9 correspond to weeks 7-9 during the washout period.

FIG. 40 is a plot showing the percent change in fasted insulin relative to baseline of vehicle, FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) on fasted insulin levels in Rhesus monkeys; shaded bars 1 and 2 correspond to weeks 1 and 2 at the low dose, open bars 3 and 4 correspond to weeks 3 and 4 at the mid dose, solid bars 5 and 6 correspond to weeks 5 and 6 at the high dose and stippled bars 7 and 8 correspond to weeks 7 and 8 during the washout period.

FIG. 41 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43), given at the high dose, on fed insulin levels of Rhesus monkeys acquired during weeks 5 and 6 of the study; solid bars correspond to week 5 and shaded bars correspond to week 6.

FIG. 42 is a plot showing the glucose profiles of OGTT5 performed at the end of the two week high-dose treatment with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43); solid circle, solid line corresponds to vehicle, open square, dotted line corresponds to FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and solid triangle, solid line corresponds to Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43).

FIG. 43 is a plot showing the insulin profiles of OGTT5 performed at the end of the two week high-dose treatment with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43); solid circle, solid line corresponds to vehicle, open square, dotted line corresponds to FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and solid triangle, solid line corresponds to Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43).

FIG. 44 is a plot showing the percent change from baseline of glucose OGTT AUC3-5 determined at the end of each dose period (low, mid and high dose) of the Rhesus monkeys; open bars correspond to AUC3 calculated from glucose measurements during OGTT3, solid bars correspond to AUC4 calculated from glucose measurements during OGTT4 and shaded bars correspond to AUC5 calculated from glucose measurements during OGTT5.

FIG. 45 is a graph showing the effects of vehicle, FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) on percent change from baseline of the fasted plasma triglyceride levels from each group of Rhesus monkeys; shaded bars 1 and 2 correspond to weeks 1 and 2 at the low dose, open bars 3 and 4 correspond to weeks 3 and 4 at the mid dose, solid bars 5 and 6 correspond to weeks 5 and 6 at the high dose and stippled bars 7, 8 and 9 correspond to weeks 7-9 during the washout period.

FIG. 46 is a graph showing fed plasma triglyceride levels from each group of the Rhesus monkeys; as measured during the fifth and sixth weeks of treatment with vehicle, FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) at the high dose; shaded bars correspond to week 5 and solid bars correspond to week 6.

FIG. 47 is a plot showing human FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) levels in individual monkeys measured at pre-dose, and 5, 12, 19, and 26 days, with samples acquired at approximately 21 hours after each injection.

FIG. 48 is a plot showing individual monkey Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) levels measured at pre-dose, and 5, 12, 19, and 26 days, with samples acquired approximately 5 days after each injection.

FIG. 49 is a plot showing mean concentrations of FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) levels measured from the three OGTTs performed following each of the low, mid and high doses; shaded bars correspond to OGTT3 at the low dose, solid bars correspond to OGTT4 at the mid dose and open bars correspond to OGTT5 at the high dose.

FIG. 50 is the amino acid sequence of the Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) fusion protein (SEQ ID NO:47); IgG1 Fc residues (SEQ ID NO:11) are in bold, the (G4S)3 linker (SEQ ID NO:31) is in italics and the point mutations in the FGF21 sequence (SEQ ID NO:39) are in bold and underlined.

FIG. 51 is a plot showing the dose-response of the tested compounds in Erk-luciferase assays; Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57), wild-type FGF21, and an Fc fusion with wild-type FGF21 were tested.

FIG. 52 is a plot showing the results from a Biacore solution equilibrium binding assay of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) to human (right) and cyno β-Klotho (left).

FIG. 53 is a pair of plots showing the dose response of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) in db/db mice after a single injection; FIG. 53A shows the blood glucose levels in db/db mice at various time points following vehicle or Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) injection, while FIG. 53B shows the effect of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) on body weight after a single injection into db/db mice.

FIG. 54 is a schematic graphically presenting a dose frequency study of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) in DIO mice.

FIG. 55 is a plot showing the GTT profiles of mice treated with vehicle, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) at different dosing frequencies.

FIG. 56 is a plot showing change of body weight from baseline (day 0) in mice treated with vehicle, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) at different dosing frequencies.

FIG. 57 is a plot showing the results of an in vitro study of hydrogels comprising the FGF21 (L98R, P171G)) (SEQ ID NO:37) FGF21 mutant.

FIG. 58 is a plot showing the effect on blood glucose level of 8 week old db/db mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations.

FIG. 59 is a plot showing the effect on blood glucose level of 8 week old db/db mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations.

FIG. 60 is a plot showing the effect on the blood glucose level of 8 week old db/B6 mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations; solid circles represent a mice dosed with a hydrogel control, solid squares represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:37) in a hydrogel at 10 mg/kg, solid triangles represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in a hydrogel at 30 mg/kg, and inverted triangles represent mice dosed with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) alone.

FIG. 61 is a plot showing the percent change in blood glucose level of 8 week old db/B6 mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations; solid circles represent a mice dosed with a hydrogel control, solid squares represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:37) in a hydrogel at 10 mg/kg, solid triangles represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in a hydrogel at 30 mg/kg, and inverted triangles represent mice dosed with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) alone.

FIG. 62 is a plot showing the effect on body weight of 8 week old db/B6 mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations; solid circles represent a mice dosed with a hydrogel control, solid squares represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:37) in a hydrogel at 10 mg/kg, solid triangles represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in a hydrogel at 30 mg/kg, and inverted triangles represent mice dosed with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) alone.

FIG. 63 is a plot showing the percent change in weight of 8 week old db/B6 mice dosed with various hydrogel formulations; solid circles represent a mice dosed with a hydrogel control, solid squares represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:37) in a hydrogel at 10 mg/kg, solid triangles represent mice dosed with FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in a hydrogel at 30 mg/kg, and inverted triangles represent mice dosed with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) alone.

FIG. 64 is a diagram graphically depicting the study design for a nine-week dose escalation study performed in cynomolgus monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

FIG. 65 is a plot depicting the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on AM meal food intake of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 66 is a plot depicting the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on fruit intake of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 67 is a plot depicting the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on PM meal food intake of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 68 is a plot depicting the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on body weight of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 69 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on body mass index of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 70 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on skin fold thickness of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 71 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on abdominal circumference of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 72 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on plasma glucose levels of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 73 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on glucose tolerance of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 74 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on plasma triglyceride levels of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 75 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on plasma total cholesterol levels of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 76 is a plot showing the effects of vehicle, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:47) on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels of the IGT cynomolgus monkeys studied.

FIG. 77 is a series of MALDI mass spectrometry traces showing observed changes in Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (left panel, SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (right panel, SEQ ID NO:57) at various points over a 168 hour time period.

FIG. 78 is a plot showing the relative abundance (%) of full-length C-terminal peptide over the total C-terminal peptide fragments derived from both Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) as analyzed by MRM LC/MS/MS following Asp-N digestion.

FIG. 79 is a plot showing the results of an ELISA assay for the plasma concentration of intact full-length Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) over a period of 240 hours following intravenous injection in mice.

FIG. 80 is a plot showing the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on a negative control, human FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:4) and the FGF21 glycosylation mutants FGF21 (Y179N, S181T) (SEQ ID NO:161), FGF21 Y179N (SEQ ID NO:163) and FGF21 P124S (SEQ ID NO:165).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A human FGF21 protein having enhanced properties such as an increased half-life and/or decreased aggregation can be prepared using the methods disclosed herein and standard molecular biology methods. Optionally, the half-life can be further extended by fusing an antibody, or portion thereof, to the N-terminal or C-terminal end of the wild-type FGF21 sequence. It is also possible to further extend the half-life or decrease aggregation of the wild-type FGF21 protein by introducing amino acid substitutions into the protein. Such modified proteins are referred to herein as mutants, or FGF21 mutants, and form embodiments of the present invention.

Recombinant nucleic acid methods used herein, including in the Examples, are generally those set forth in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., Green Publishers Inc. and Wiley and Sons 1994), both of which are incorporated herein by reference for any purpose.

1. General Definitions

The term “isolated nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleic acid molecule provided herein that (1) has been separated from at least about 50 percent of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or other materials with which it is naturally found when total nucleic acid is isolated from the source cells, (2) is not linked to all or a portion of a polynucleotide to which the “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is linked in nature, (3) is operably linked to a polynucleotide which it is not linked to in nature, or (4) does not occur in nature as part of a larger polynucleotide sequence. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is substantially free from any other contaminating nucleic acid molecules or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment that would interfere with its use in polypeptide production or its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic or research use.

The term “vector” is used to refer to any molecule (e.g., nucleic acid, plasmid, or virus) used to transfer coding information to a host cell.

The term “expression vector” refers to a vector that is suitable for transformation of a host cell and contains nucleic acid sequences that direct and/or control the expression of inserted heterologous nucleic acid sequences. Expression includes, but is not limited to, processes such as transcription, translation, and RNA splicing, if introns are present.

The term “operably linked” is used herein to refer to an arrangement of flanking sequences wherein the flanking sequences so described are configured or assembled so as to perform their usual function. Thus, a flanking sequence operably linked to a coding sequence may be capable of effecting the replication, transcription and/or translation of the coding sequence. For example, a coding sequence is operably linked to a promoter when the promoter is capable of directing transcription of that coding sequence. A flanking sequence need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as it functions correctly. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between a promoter sequence and the coding sequence and the promoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence.

The term “host cell” is used to refer to a cell which has been transformed, or is capable of being transformed with a nucleic acid sequence, such as a nucleic acid provided herein, and then expressing a selected gene of interest. The term includes the progeny of the parent cell, whether or not the progeny is identical in morphology or in genetic make-up to the original parent, so long as the selected gene is present.

The term “isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide provided herein that (1) has been separated from at least about 50 percent of polynucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, or other materials with which it is naturally found when isolated from the source cell, (2) is not linked (by covalent or noncovalent interaction) to all or a portion of a polypeptide to which the “isolated polypeptide” is linked in nature, (3) is operably linked (by covalent or noncovalent interaction) to a polypeptide with which it is not linked in nature, or (4) does not occur in nature. Preferably, the isolated polypeptide is substantially free from any other contaminating polypeptides or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment that would interfere with its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic or research use.

The term “naturally occurring” when used in connection with biological materials such as nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, host cells, and the like, refers to materials which are found in nature and are not manipulated by man. Similarly, “non-naturally occurring” as used herein refers to a material that is not found in nature or that has been structurally modified or synthesized by man. When used in connection with nucleotides, the term “naturally occurring” refers to the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U). When used in connection with amino acids, the term “naturally occurring” refers to the 20 amino acids alanine (A), cysteine (C), aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), phenylalanine (F), glycine (G), histidine (H), isoleucine (I), lysine (K), leucine (L), methionine (M), asparagine (N), proline (P), glutamine (Q), arginine (R), serine (S), threonine (T), valine (V), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y).

The term “FGF21 polypeptide” refers to a naturally-occurring wild-type polypeptide expressed in humans. For purposes of this disclosure, the term “FGF21 polypeptide” can be used interchangeably to refer to any full-length FGF21 polypeptide, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2 and 6, which consist of 209 amino acid residues and which are encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1 and 5, respectively; any mature form of the polypeptide, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:4 and 8, which consist of 181 amino acid residues and which are encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:3 and 7, respectively, and in which the 28 amino acid residues at the amino-terminal end of the full-length FGF21 polypeptide (i.e., which constitute the signal peptide) have been removed. Full-length and mature FGF21 polypeptides can but need not comprise an amino-terminal methionine, which may be introduced by engineering or as a result of a bacterial expression process.

The terms “FGF21 polypeptide mutant” and “FGF21 mutant” can be used interchangeably and refer to an FGF21 polypeptide in which a naturally occurring FGF21 amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, or 8) has been modified. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, one or more amino acid substitutions, including substitutions with non-naturally occurring amino acids and non-naturally-occurring amino acid analogs, and truncations. Thus, FGF21 polypeptide mutants include, but are not limited to, site-directed FGF21 mutants, truncated FGF21 polypeptides, proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants, aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants, FGF21 combination mutants, and FGF21 fusion proteins, as described herein. For the purpose of identifying the specific truncations and amino acid substitutions of the FGF21 mutants of the present invention, the numbering of the amino acid residues truncated or mutated corresponds to that of the mature 181-residue FGF21 polypeptide. FGF21 mutants can but need not comprise an amino-terminal methionine, which may be introduced by engineering or as a result of a bacterial expression process.

In other embodiments of the present invention, an FGF21 polypeptide mutant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85 percent identical to the mutant FGF21's amino acid sequence, but wherein specific residues conferring a desirable property to the FGF21 polypeptide mutant, e.g., proteolysis-resistance, increased half life or aggregation-reducing properties and combinations thereof, have not been further modified. In other words, with the exception of residues in the FGF21 mutant sequence that have been modified in order to confer proteolysis-resistance, aggregation-reducing, or other properties, about 15 percent of all other amino acid residues in the FGF21 mutant sequence can be modified. For example, in the FGF21 mutant Q173E, up to 15 percent of all amino acid residues other than the glutamic acid residue, which was substituted for glutamine at position 173, could be modified. In still other embodiments, an FGF21 polypeptide mutant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90 percent, or about 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent identical to the mutant FGF21's amino acid sequence, but wherein the specific residues conferring the FGF21 polypeptide mutant's proteolysis-resistance or aggregation-reducing properties have not been further modified. Such FGF21 polypeptide mutants possess at least one activity of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide.

The present invention also encompasses a nucleic acid molecule encoding an FGF21 polypeptide mutant comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85 percent identical to the mutant FGF21's amino acid sequence but wherein specific residues conferring a desirable property to the FGF21 polypeptide mutant, e.g., proteolysis-resistance, increased half life or aggregation-reducing properties and combinations thereof have not been further modified. In other words, with the exception of residues in the FGF21 mutant sequence that have been modified in order to confer proteolysis-resistance, aggregation-reducing, or other properties, about 15 percent of all other amino acid residues in the FGF21 mutant sequence can be modified. For example, in the FGF21 mutant Q173E, up to 15 percent of all amino acid residues other than the glutamic acid residue, which was substituted for glutamine at position 173, could be modified. The present invention further encompasses a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 90 percent, or about 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding an FGF21 mutant, but wherein the nucleotides encoding amino acid residues conferring the encoded FGF21 polypeptide mutant's proteolysis-resistance or aggregation-reducing properties have not been further modified. Such nucleic acid molecules encode FGF21 mutant polypeptides possessing at least one activity of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide.

The term “biologically active FGF21 polypeptide mutant” refers to any FGF21 polypeptide mutant described herein that possesses an activity of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide, such as the ability to lower blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels; reduce body weight; and improve glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, or insulin sensitivity, regardless of the type or number of modifications that have been introduced into the FGF21 polypeptide mutant. FGF21 polypeptide mutants possessing a somewhat decreased level of FGF21 activity relative to the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide can nonetheless be considered to be biologically active FGF21 polypeptide mutants.

The terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” each refer to the amount of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant used to support an observable level of one or more biological activities of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide, such as the ability to lower blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels; reduce body weight; or improve glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, or insulin sensitivity.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “physiologically acceptable carrier” as used herein refers to one or more formulation agents suitable for accomplishing or enhancing the delivery of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant into the body of a human or non-human subject. The term includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof. In some cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in a pharmaceutical composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances such as wetting or minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the FGF21 polypeptide mutant can also act as, or form a component of, a carrier.

The term “antigen” refers to a molecule or a portion of a molecule that is capable of being bound by an antibody, and additionally that is capable of being used in an animal to produce antibodies that are capable of binding to an epitope of that antigen. An antigen may have one or more epitopes.

The term “native Fc” refers to molecule or sequence comprising the sequence of a non-antigen-binding fragment resulting from digestion of whole antibody or produced by other means, whether in monomeric or multimeric form, and can contain the hinge region. The original immunoglobulin source of the native Fc is preferably, but not necessarily, of human origin and can be any of the immunoglobulins, although IgG1 and IgG2 are preferred. IgG4 can also be employed. Native Fc molecules are made up of monomeric polypeptides that can be linked into dimeric or multimeric forms by covalent (i.e., disulfide bonds) and non-covalent association. The number of intermolecular disulfide bonds between monomeric subunits of native Fc molecules ranges from 1 to 4 depending on class (e.g., IgG, IgA, and IgE) or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgGA2). One example of a native Fc is a disulfide-bonded dimer resulting from papain digestion of an IgG (see Ellison et al., 1982, Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 4071-9). The term “native Fc” as used herein is generic to the monomeric, dimeric, and multimeric forms. Examples of an Fc polypeptide sequence are presented in SEQ ID NOs:11 and 171, which are derived from human IgG1 and IgG4 molecules, respectively. A native Fc can, but need not, comprise an amino-terminal methionine, which may be introduced by engineering or as a result of a bacterial expression process; such Fc molecules are still considered to be “native Fc” molecules.

The term “Fc variant” refers to a molecule or sequence that is modified from a native Fc but still comprises a binding site for the salvage receptor, FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor). International Publication Nos. WO 97/34631 and WO 96/32478 describe exemplary Fc variants, as well as interaction with the salvage receptor, and are hereby incorporated by reference. Thus, the term “Fc variant” can comprise a molecule or sequence that is humanized from a non-human native Fc. Furthermore, a native Fc comprises regions that can be removed because they provide structural features or biological activity that are not required for the fusion molecules of the FGF21 mutants of the present invention. Thus, the term “Fc variant” comprises a molecule or sequence that lacks one or more native Fc sites or residues, or in which one or more Fc sites or residues has be modified, that affect or are involved in: (1) disulfide bond formation, (2) incompatibility with a selected host cell, (3) N-terminal heterogeneity upon expression in a selected host cell, (4) glycosylation, (5) interaction with complement, (6) binding to an Fc receptor other than a salvage receptor, or (7) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Fc variants are described in further detail hereinafter. An Fc variant can, but need not, comprise an amino-terminal methionine, which may be introduced by engineering or as a result of a bacterial expression process; such Fc molecules are still considered to be “Fc variants.”

The term “Fc domain” encompasses native Fc and Fc variants and sequences as defined above. As with Fc variants and native Fc molecules, the term “Fc domain” includes molecules in monomeric or multimeric form, whether digested from whole antibody or produced by other means. In some embodiments of the present invention, an Fc domain can be fused to FGF21 or a FGF21 mutant (including a truncated form of FGF21 or a FGF21 mutant) via, for example, a covalent bond between the Fc domain and the FGF21 sequence. Such fusion proteins can form multimers via the association of the Fc domains and both these fusion proteins and their multimers are an aspect of the present invention. An Fc domain can, but need not, comprise an amino-terminal methionine, which may be introduced by engineering or as a result of a bacterial expression process.

2. FGF21 Mutants

The term “FGF21 mutant” refers to an FGF21 mutant polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that differs from the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring FGF21 polypeptide sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6 or 8, by one or more amino acids. FGF21 mutants can be generated by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions, either conservative or non-conservative and using naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acids, at particular positions of the FGF21 polypeptide.

A “Conservative amino acid substitution” can involve a substitution of a native amino acid residue (i.e., a residue found in a given position of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide sequence) with a normative residue (i.e., a residue that is not found in a given position of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide sequence) such that there is little or no effect on the polarity or charge of the amino acid residue at that position. Conservative amino acid substitutions also encompass non-naturally occurring amino acid residues that are typically incorporated by chemical peptide synthesis rather than by synthesis in biological systems. These include peptidomimetics, and other reversed or inverted forms of amino acid moieties.

Naturally occurring residues can be divided into classes based on common side chain properties:

(1) hydrophobic: norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;

(2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr;

(3) acidic: Asp, Glu;

(4) basic: Asn, Gln, His, Lys, Arg;

(5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; and

(6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Conservative substitutions can involve the exchange of a member of one of these classes for another member of the same class. Non-conservative substitutions can involve the exchange of a member of one of these classes for a member from another class.

Desired amino acid substitutions (whether conservative or non-conservative) can be determined by those skilled in the art at the time such substitutions are desired. An exemplary (but not limiting) list of amino acid substitutions is set forth in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Amino Acid Substitutions Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Ala Val, Leu, Ile Arg Lys, Gln, Asn Asn Gln Asp Glu Cys Ser, Ala Gln Asn Glu Asp Gly Pro, Ala His Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg Ile Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Phe Leu Ile, Val, Met, Ala, Phe Lys Arg, Gln, Asn Met Leu, Phe, Ile Phe Leu, Val, Ile, Ala, Tyr Pro Ala Ser Thr, Ala, Cys Thr Ser Trp Tyr, Phe Tyr Trp, Phe, Thr, Ser Val Ile, Met, Leu, Phe, Ala

3. Truncated FGF21 Polypeptides

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to truncated forms of a mature FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 mutant. This embodiment of the present invention arose from an effort to identify truncated FGF21 polypeptides that are capable of providing an activity that is similar, and in some instances superior, to untruncated forms of the mature FGF21 polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “truncated FGF21 polypeptide” refers to an FGF21 polypeptide in which amino acid residues have been removed from the amino-terminal (or N-terminal) end of the FGF21 polypeptide, amino acid residues have been removed from the carboxyl-terminal (or C-terminal) end of the FGF21 polypeptide, or amino acid residues have been removed from both the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the FGF21 polypeptide. The various truncations disclosed herein were prepared as described herein Examples 3 and 6.

The activity of N-terminally truncated FGF21 polypeptides and C-terminally truncated FGF21 polypeptides can be assayed using an in vitro ELK-luciferase assay as described in Example 4. Specific details of the in vitro assays that can be used to examine the activity of truncated FGF21 polypeptides can be found in Example 4.

The activity of the truncated FGF21 polypeptides of the present invention can also be assessed in an in vivo assay, such as db/db mice, or ob/ob mice as shown in Examples 5 and 7. Generally, to assess the in vivo activity of a truncated FGF21 polypeptide, the truncated FGF21 polypeptide can be administered to a test animal intraperitoneally. After a desired incubation period (e.g., one hour or more), a blood sample can be drawn, and blood glucose levels can be measured. Specific details of the in vivo assays that can be used to examine the activity of truncated FGF21 polypeptides can be found in Examples 5 and 7.

a. N-Terminal Truncations

In some embodiments of the present invention, N-terminal truncations comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of the mature FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 mutant. As demonstrated in, for example, Example 5 and FIG. 3, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having N-terminal truncations of fewer than 9 amino acid residues retain the ability of the mature FGF21 polypeptide to lower blood glucose in an individual. Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the present invention encompasses truncated forms of the mature FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 polypeptide mutants having N-terminal truncations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 amino acid residues.

b. C-Terminal Truncations

In some embodiments of the present invention, C-terminal truncations comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 amino acid residues from the C-terminal end of the mature FGF21 polypeptide. As demonstrated in, for example, Example 4 and FIG. 1B, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having C-terminal truncations of fewer than 13 amino acid residues exhibited an efficacy of at least 50% of the efficacy of wild-type FGF21 in an in vitro ELK-luciferase assay, indicating that these FGF21 mutants retain the ability of the mature FGF21 polypeptide to lower blood glucose in an individual. Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the present invention encompasses truncated forms of the mature FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 polypeptide mutants having C-terminal truncations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 amino acid residues.

c. N-Terminal and C-Terminal Truncations

In some embodiments of the present invention, truncated FGF21 polypeptides can have a combination of N-terminal and C-terminal truncations. Truncated FGF21 polypeptides having a combination of N-terminal and C-terminal truncations share the activity of corresponding truncated FGF21 polypeptides having either the N-terminal or C-terminal truncations alone. In other words, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having both N-terminal truncations of fewer than 9 amino acid residues and C-terminal truncations of fewer than 13 amino acid residues possess similar or greater biological activity, e.g, blood glucose-lowering activity, as truncated FGF21 polypeptides having N-terminal truncations of fewer than 9 amino acid residues or truncated FGF21 polypeptides having C-terminal truncations of fewer than 13 amino acid residues. Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the present invention encompasses truncated forms of the mature FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 polypeptide mutants having both N-terminal truncations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 amino acid residues and C-terminal truncations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 amino acid residues.

As with all FGF21 mutants of the present invention, truncated FGF21 polypeptides and FGF21 mutants can optionally comprise an amino-terminal methionine residue, which can be introduced by directed mutation or as a result of a bacterial expression process.

The truncated FGF21 polypeptides of the present invention can be prepared as described in Examples 3 and 6. Those of ordinary skill in the art, familiar with standard molecular biology techniques, can employ that knowledge, coupled with the instant disclosure, to make and use the truncated FGF21 polypeptides of the present invention. Standard techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, tissue culture, and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra, which is incorporated herein by reference for any purpose. Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques can be performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art, or as described herein. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses; chemical analyses; pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery; and treatment of patients.

The truncated FGF21 polypeptides of the present invention can also be fused to another entity, which can impart additional properties to the truncated FGF21 polypeptide. In one embodiment of the present invention, a truncated FGF21 polypeptide can be fused to an Fc sequence. Such fusion can be accomplished using known molecular biological methods and/or the guidance provided herein. The benefits of such fusion polypeptides, as well as methods for making such fusion polypeptides, are discussed in more detail herein.

4. Proteolysis-Resistant FGF21 Mutants

As described in Example 8, mature FGF21 was found to be undergoing in vivo degradation, which was ultimately determined to arise from proteolytic attack. The in vivo degradation of mature FGF21 was found to lead to shorter effective half-life, which can adversely affect the therapeutic potential of a molecule. Accordingly, a directed study was performed to identify FGF21 mutants that exhibit a resistance to proteolysis. As a result of this investigation, the sites in the mature FGF21 polypeptide that were determined to be particularly susceptible to proteolysis include the peptide bond between the amino acid residues at positions 4-5, 20-21, 151-152, 171-172 and 178-181.

A broad but focused and directed study was performed to identify particular substitutions that eliminate the observed proteolytic effect while not affecting the activity of the protein to an unacceptable degree. Tables 8 and 11 highlight some of the mutants that were prepared and tested. As described in, for example, Examples 13 and 14, not all FGF21 mutants exhibited an ideal profile; some mutants conferred proteolysis resistance but at the cost of compromised FGF21 activity. Other mutations retained FGF21 activity but did not confer proteolysis resistance. Several mutants, including, for example, FGF21 P171G, retained a similar level of activity as wild-type FGF21 while also exhibiting resistance to proteolytic degradation.

One selection criteria for identifying desirable proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants was that the activity of the FGF21 mutant be essentially the same as, or greater than, the activity of wild-type FGF21. Therefore, another embodiment of the present invention is directed to FGF21 mutants that are resistant to proteolysis and still retain activity that is essentially the same as, or greater than, wild-type FGF21. Although less desirable in some cases, FGF21 mutants that are resistant to proteolysis but exhibit somewhat decreased activity form another embodiment of the present invention. In some cases it can be desirable to maintain a degree of proteolysis, and consequently, FGF21 mutants that allow some degree of proteolysis to occur also form another embodiment of the present invention.

As with all FGF21 mutants provided herein, the proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants of the present invention can be prepared as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, those familiar with standard molecular biology techniques, can employ that knowledge, coupled with the instant disclosure, to make and use the proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants disclosed herein. Standard techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, tissue culture, and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra, which is incorporated herein by reference for any purpose. Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques can be performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art, or as described herein. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses; chemical analyses; pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery; and treatment of patients.

The proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants of the present invention can be fused to another entity, which can impart additional properties to the proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutant. In one embodiment of the present invention, a proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutant can be fused to an IgG Fc sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO:11 or 171. Such fusion can be accomplished using known molecular biological methods and/or the guidance provided herein. The benefits of such fusion polypeptides, as well as methods for making such fusion polypeptides, are known and are discussed in more detail herein.

5. Aggregation-Reducing FGF21 Mutants

As described in Example 15, one property of the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide is its propensity to aggregate. At concentrations over about 5 mg/mL, the aggregation rate is high at room temperature. As shown and described herein, the aggregation rate for the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide is both concentration and temperature dependent.

Aggregation can prove to be a challenge when working with wild-type FGF21 at these concentrations, such as in the context of a therapeutic formulation. Accordingly, a directed study was performed to identify FGF21 mutants that exhibit reduced FGF21 aggregation. The resulting FGF21 mutants were then tested for the propensity to aggregate at various concentrations.

A broad but focused and directed study was performed to identify particular substitutions that eliminate or reduce the observed aggregation effect of wild-type FGF21 while not affecting the activity of the protein to an unacceptable degree. The approach for identifying suitable aggregation-reducing mutants is described in Example 15. Table 16 highlights some of the mutants that were prepared and tested. As described in, for example, Example 17, not all FGF21 mutants exhibited an ideal profile. Some mutants, such as FGF21 L58E had compromised FGF21 activity and were not studied further. Other mutations, such as FGF21 A134E, retained FGF21 activity but did not confer reduced aggregation properties. Several mutants, such as FGF21 L98R, retained FGF21 activity and also exhibited reduced aggregation. One mutant, FGF21 A45K, surprisingly exhibited increased FGF21 activity while also exhibiting reduced aggregation properties.

One selection criteria for identifying desirable aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants was that the activity of the FGF21 mutant be essentially similar to, or greater than, the activity of wild-type FGF21. Therefore, another embodiment of the present invention is directed to FGF21 mutants having reduced aggregation properties while still retaining an FGF21 activity that is similar to, or greater than, wild-type FGF21. Although less desirable in some cases, FGF21 mutants having reduced aggregation properties but exhibiting somewhat decreased FGF21 activity form another embodiment of the present invention. In some cases it may be desirable to maintain a degree of aggregation, and consequently, FGF21 mutants that allow some degree of aggregation to occur also form another embodiment of the present invention.

As with all FGF21 mutants provided herein, the aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants provided herein can be prepared as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art, familiar with standard molecular biology techniques, can employ that knowledge, coupled with the instant disclosure, to make and use the aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants of the present invention. Standard techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, tissue culture, and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra, which is incorporated herein by reference for any purpose. Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques can be performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art, or as described herein. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses; chemical analyses; pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery; and treatment of patients.

The aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants of the present invention can be fused to another entity, which can impart additional properties to the aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutant. In one embodiment of the present invention, an aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutant can be fused to an IgG Fc sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO:11 or 171. Such fusion can be accomplished using known molecular biological methods and/or the guidance provided herein. The benefits of such fusion polypeptides, as well as methods for making such fusion polypeptides, are discussed in more detail herein.

6. Additional FGF21 Mutants

The instant disclosure relates to various mutant forms of FGF21. The disclosed mutations can impart a variety of properties to an FGF21 molecule. For example, some of the disclosed mutations can enhance the half-life of FGF21, and thereby enhance its therapeutic properties.

In one embodiment, it has been determined that the A180E mutation minimizes C-terminal degradation of mature FGF21. Accordingly, the A180E mutation can form an element of a mutant FGF21 sequence either as a single mutation or in combination with other mutations, as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, it has been determined that the L98R mutation minimizes aggregation and enhances solubility of mature FGF21. Accordingly, the L98R mutation can form an element of a mutant FGF21 sequence either as a single mutation or in combination with other mutations, as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, it has been determined that the P171G mutation minimizes proteolytic cleavage of mature FGF21. Accordingly, the P171G mutation can form an element of a mutant FGF21 sequence either as a single mutation or in combination with other mutations, as disclosed herein.

In addition, other mutations disclosed herein can enhance the stability of FGF21 by providing sites for the formation of disulfide bonds, thus providing enhanced proteolytic stability, for example when FGF21 is disposed in a formulation. Yet other disclosed mutations can provide increased or decreased levels of O-glycosylation when FGF21 is expressed in yeast. Still other mutations can disrupt points at which proteases or other chemical attacks may act on FGF21 to degrade it, including the C-terminus of FGF21. Other mutations can impart decreased deamidation. And still other mutations can reduce the levels of aggregation of FGF21 and consequently enhance its solubility. Mutations can also be introduced in order to serve as attachment points for half-life extending moieties, such as human serum albumin, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or an IgG constant region, as described herein. In various ways, these mutations can improve the in vivo or in vitro activity of FGF21 over native FGF21. As described herein, one or more mutations imparting one or more desired properties can be introduced into an FGF21 sequence to provide a cumulative enhancement of desirable properties.

In one example, single or pairs of cysteine residues can be introduced at various points in the FGF21 sequence to facilitate the formation of disulfide bond formation. Introduced cysteine residues can also serve as sites for PEGylation. The naturally occurring disulfide bond between C75 and C93 can be maintained intact, or disrupted and a new disulfide bond formed between C75 or C93 and an introduced cysteine residue. Examples of positions at which a cysteine can be substituted for a wild-type residue are summarized in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Cysteine Mutations Position Wild type Introduced Mutation 18 Q C 19 R C 20 Y C 21 L C 22 Y C 23 T C 24 D C 25 D C 26 A C 27 Q C 28 Q C 29 T C 30 E C 31 A C 33 L C 35 I C 36 R C 37 E C 38 D C 39 G C 40 T C 41 V C 42 G C 43 G C 44 A C 45 A C 46 D C 47 Q C 48 S C 49 P C 50 E C 54 Q C 56 K C 57 A C 58 L C 59 K C 60 P C 61 G C 62 V C 64 Q C 65 I C 66 L C 67 G C 68 V C 69 K C 70 T C 71 S C 72 R C 73 F C 75 C C 76 Q C 77 R C 78 P C 79 D C 80 G C 81 A C 82 L C 83 Y C 84 G C 85 S C 86 L C 87 H C 88 F C 89 D C 90 P C 91 E C 92 A C 93 C C 94 S C 95 F C 96 R C 98 L C 99 L C 100 L C 101 E C 102 D C 103 G C 104 Y C 106 V C 107 Y C 108 Q C 109 S C 110 E C 111 A C 112 H C 113 G C 114 L C 115 P C 116 L C 117 H C 118 L C 119 P C 120 G C 121 N C 122 K C 123 S C 124 P C 125 H C 126 R C 127 D C 128 P C 129 A C 130 P C 131 R C 132 G C 133 P C 134 A C 135 R C 137 L C 138 P C 139 L C 140 P C 152 I C 153 L C 154 A C 163 S C 167 S C

Introduced cysteine residues can facilitate the formation of engineered disulfide bonds. Such disulfide bonds can enhance the stability of an FGF21 polypeptide, including the stability of the molecule under concentrated conditions, such as in a therapeutic formulation. Examples of engineered disulfide bond pairs include those shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Engineered Disulfide Bonds Position Disulfide Bond Formed with of a Naturally-Occurring or Introduced Wild type Introduced Cysteine at Cysteine Residue Position 19 R 138 20 Y 139 21 L 33 22 Y 137, 139 23 T 25, 28 24 D 135 25 D  23, 122 26 A 122 27 Q 123 28 Q 28, 43, 124 31 A 43 33 L 21 35 I 84 41 V 82 42 G 124, 126 43 G 28, 31, 124 50 E 69 54 Q 66 58 L 62 62 V 58 66 L 54 67 G  72, 135 69 K 50 72 R 67, 84 73 F 93 75 C 85, 92 76 Q 109 77 R 79, 81 79 D 77 80 G 129 81 A 77 82 L  41, 119 84 G 35, 72 85 S 75 90 P 92 92 A 90 93 C 73 94 S 110 95 F 107 100 L 102 102 D 100, 104 104 Y 102 107 Y 95 109 S 76 110 E 94 115 P 117 117 H 115, 129, 130 118 L 132, 134 119 P 82 121 N 127 122 K 25, 26 123 S  27, 125 124 P 28, 42, 43 125 H 123 126 R 42 127 D 121, 132 129 A  80, 117 130 P 117 132 G 118, 127 134 A 118 135 R 24, 67 137 L 22 138 P 19 139 L 20, 22 152 I 163 163 S 152

The selection of one or more pairs of residues for mutation to cysteine with the goal of engineering a disulfide bond that is not found in wild-type FGF21 can be based on an analysis of a three-dimensional model of FGF21. For example, a rational protein engineering approach can be used to identify suitable residues in FGF21 for mutation. This can be achieved by inspection of a high resolution (1.3 Å) X-ray crystal structure of FGF19 (1PWA) obtained from the Protein Databank (PDB), which can then be used to create a 3D homology model of FGF21 using, e.g., the MOE (Molecular Operating Environment; Chemical Computing Group; Montreal, Quebec, Canada) modeling software. FGF19 is a useful template, since among the proteins deposited in the PDB, FGF19 is the most closely related protein to FGF21 in terms of the amino acid sequence homology.

In another aspect, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence in order to enhance the stability of FGF21 under conditions of highly concentrated solutions or common formulation components such as phenol, m-cresol, methylparaben, resorcinol and benzyl alcohol. Examples of mutations that can provide the property of enhanced stability include those shown in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Stability-Enhancing Mutations Position Wild type Introduced Mutations 42 G D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 54 Q D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 77 R D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 81 A D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 86 L D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 88 F D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 122 K D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 125 H D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 126 R D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 130 P D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 131 R D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 139 L D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 145 A D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 146 P D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 152 I D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 154 A D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 156 Q D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 161 G D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 163 S D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 170 G D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 172 S D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q

The selection of one or more pairs of residues for mutation to a stability-enhancing mutation can be based on an analysis of a three-dimensional model of FGF21. For example, a rational protein engineering approach can be used to identify suitable residues in FGF21 for mutation. This can be achieved by inspection of a high resolution (1.3 Å) X-ray crystal structure of FGF19 (1PWA) obtained from the Protein Databank (PDB), which can then be used to create a 3D homology model of FGF21 using, e.g., the MOE (Molecular Operating Environment; Chemical Computing Group; Montreal, Quebec, Canada) modeling software. FGF19 is a useful template, since among the proteins deposited in the PDB, FGF19 is the most closely related protein to FGF21 in terms of the amino acid sequence homology.

In another aspect, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence in order to reduce the degree of proteolytic cleavage of a FGF21 polypeptide under some conditions. Examples of mutations that can provide the property of resistance to proteolytic cleavage include those shown in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Proteolysis-resistance Mutations Position Wild Type Indroduced Mutations 19 R Q, I, K 20 Y H, L, F 21 L I, F, Y, V 22 Y I, F, V 150 P A, R 151 G A, V 152 I H, L, F, V 170 G A, N, D, C, Q, E, P, S 171 P A, R, N, D, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T, W, Y 172 S L, T 173 Q R, E

In a further aspect, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence in order to inhibit aggregation of a FGF21 polypeptide under some conditions, such as high concentration. Examples of mutations that can provide the property of inhibiting aggregation of FGF21 include those shown in Table 6:

TABLE 6 Aggregation-reducing Mutations Position Wild-Type Mutation 26 A E, K, R 45 A E, K, R, Q, T 52 L T 58 L C, E, S 60 P A, E, K, R 78 P A, C, H, R 86 L C T 88 F A, E, K, R, S 98 L C, E, K, Q, R 99 L C, D, E, R 111 A K, T 129 A D, E, H, K, N, R, Q 134 A E, H, K, Y

In a further aspect, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence in order to inhibit C-terminal degradation of a FGF21 polypeptide. In some embodiments, FGF21 mutants that resist C-terminal degradation comprise a “cap” comprising one or more residues that are added to the serine at position 181, thus extending the length of the FGF21 mutant beyond its wild type length of 181 residues. A cap can comprise any number of residues, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 residues. Any residues can be employed in a cap including leucine, glycine, serine and proline. A cap need not comprise only residues of a single type of amino acid, but can also comprise a combination of residues, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 glycine residues and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 serine residues and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 proline residues and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 leucine residues. Examples of mutations that can provide the property of resistance to the C-terminal degradation of FGF21 include those shown in Table 7:

TABLE 7 C-terminal Degradation Resistant Mutants Position Wild-Type Mutation 180 A E, P, S 181 S G, P, K, T, A, L, P 179 Y P, G, S, A

In a further aspect, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence which can provide a site for GalNAc transferase-mediated glycosylation in which a GalNAc is added and serves as a point for O-glycosylation. The following list of mutations includes both point mutants as well as sequences of consecutive and non-consecutive mutations, and a GalNAc will be added to an S or a T residue. Examples of mutations that can provide a site for GalNAc transferase-mediated glycosylation of FGF21 include those shown in Table 8; in Table 8, when sequences of multiple amino acids are provided, the point mutants are highlighted in bold and are underlined:

TABLE 8 GalNAc Transferase-mediated Glycosylation Mutants Position Wild-Type Mutation   1 H VT QT AT IAT   1, 3 H, I F ,  T A, T F, S A, S S, T   3 I T, S   5-7 DSS TQA TAQ TIE   5 D S, T   9-12 LLQF TT QF TINT T Q GA TQG F TTVS TQA F  45-50 ADQSPE A T QSPE A TE SPE A TE TPE VT QSPE VTET PE A TE SP A  50-53 ESLL T SLL TTVS TINT TQA L TQGA  59-64 KPGVIQ S P T VIQ A P T VIQ S P TTVS S P TINT S P TQA Q S P TQGA S P T VI A A P TTVS A P TINT  77-83 RPDGAL S P T GALY A P T GALY S P TINT Y S P TTVS Y S P TQ ALY A P TQ ALY S P TQGA Y S P TQ GA M  85-89 SLHFD SL T F T SL TET S VTET 112 H T 111-114 AHGL A T G T A TET VTET A T GL 116-118 LHL TQA TAQ TEI TSS TA L 112-118 HGLPLHLP S GLP TQA S GLP TEI 120-125 GNKSPH TTAV PH TSGE PH G STA PH GN ST PH G TE SPH LTQT PH LTQT P A T N A SPH TQG SPH VTSQ PH TINT PH TSV SPH 122-131 KSPHRDPAPR KSP TAQ PAPR KSP TA DPAPR A SP TAQ PAPR S SP TA DPAPR KSP TS DPAPR KSP TEI PAPR KSP TE DPAPR A SP TE DPAPR S SP TA DPAPR S SP TA Q PAPR KSP TQA PAPR S SP TQA PAPR A SP TEI PAPR KSPHRDP T PR KSPHRDP T P A KSPHRDP S PR KSPH S DP TPA KSPH A DP TPS KSPH A DP TPA 131-137 RGPARFL RGP TS FL RGP TSGE RGP GSTA RGPA NTS RGPA TES RGPA TQT RGP LTQT RGP T Q FL RGP TS FL RGP VTSQ S GP TS FL A GP TSGE S GP TSA L 135-139 RFLPL RFLP T RFLP S S FLP T 148 E T,S 151 G T 151-156 GILAPQ TT LAPQ TQ LAPQ TSGE PQ G ST APQ TTAV PQ G NTS PQ G TES PQ G TET PQ VTSQ PQ LTQT PQ VTSQ PQ SSGA PQ TINT PQ TTVS PQ TQA APQ GILAP T GILAP S 156 Q T,S 159 D T 159-164 DVGSSD DVG TET D AA S AA D AATAA DVG T SD DV AT SD TGD SSD TDA S GA DVG T S G 164 D T 166 L T 166-170 LSMVGP T S GAM TQGAM TQGAM 172-176 SQGRS SQG A S T QG A S T QG AM 175 R A 175-181 RSPSYAS RSP T S AVAA A SP T S AVAA A SPS SGAPPP S A SPS SGAPP A SPS SGAP RSPS SGAPPP S A SP TINT A SP TSV S A SP TQ A F A SP TINTP

In contrast to Table 8, additional mutations can be introduced into the FGF21 sequence which can provide a reduced capacity for O-glycosylation, relative to the wild-type FGF21 sequence, when FGF21 is expressed in yeast. The following list of mutations includes both point mutants as well as sequences of consecutive and non-consecutive mutations. Examples of mutations that can provide for reduced O-glycosylation, relative to the wild-type FGF21 sequence, when the FGF21 sequence is expressed in yeast include the S167A, S167E, S167D, S167N, S167Q, S167G, S167V, S167H, S167K and S167Y.

TABLE 9 O-Glycosylation Resistant Mutants Position Wild-type O-glycosylation Mutant 167 S A, E, D, N, Q, G, V, H, K, Y

7. FGF21 Combination Mutants

As described herein, the wild-type FGF21 sequence possesses several properties that can pose significant challenges when FGF21 is used as a therapeutic molecule. Among these challenges are the protein's susceptibility to degradation and its propensity for aggregation at high concentration. After an exhaustive effort to identify FGF21 polypeptides that overcome each of these challenges, a directed study was performed to determine whether the amino acid substitutions conferring proteolysis-resistance and those conferring aggregation-reducing properties could be combined in an additive or synergistic fashion in a single polypeptide sequence while maintaining activity levels that are equal to or greater than the activity of wild-type FGF21. This represented a significant challenge, as it is known in the art that the introduction of multiple mutations in a given polypeptide can sometimes adversely affect the expression, activity, and subsequent manufacturing of the protein.

Surprisingly, as demonstrated in, for example, Examples 19 and 20, it was found that the desirable properties of several FGF21 mutants could indeed be combined in an additive or synergistic fashion to generate an FGF21 mutant having enhanced pharmaceutical properties. FGF21 mutants that are resistant to proteolysis, have a reduced rate of aggregation, and which still retain activity that is the same as, or greater than, wild-type FGF21, are disclosed herein.

One selection criteria for identifying desirable FGF21 combination mutants was that the activity of the FGF21 mutant be similar to, or greater than, the activity of wild-type FGF21. Therefore, another embodiment of the present invention is directed to FGF21 mutants that are proteolysis-resistant and have reduced aggregation properties while still retaining an FGF21 activity that is similar to, or greater than, wild-type FGF21. Although less desirable in some cases, FGF21 mutants that are proteolysis-resistant and have reduced aggregation properties but exhibit somewhat decreased FGF21 activity form another embodiment of the present invention. In some cases it may be desirable to maintain a degree of proteolysis and/or aggregation, and consequently, FGF21 mutants that allow some degree of proteolysis and/or aggregation also form another embodiment of the present invention.

As with all FGF21 mutants of the present invention, the FGF21 combination mutants of the present invention can be prepared as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art, familiar with standard molecular biology techniques, can employ that knowledge, coupled with the instant disclosure, to make and use the FGF21 combination mutants of the present invention. Standard techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, tissue culture, and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra, which is incorporated herein by reference for any purpose. Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques can be performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art, or as described herein. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses; chemical analyses; pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery; and treatment of patients.

The FGF21 combination mutants of the present invention can be fused to another entity, which can impart additional properties to the FGF21 combination mutant. In one embodiment of the present invention, an FGF21 combination mutant can be fused to an IgG Fc sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO:11 or 171. Such fusion can be accomplished using known molecular biological methods and/or the guidance provided herein. The benefits of such fusion polypeptides, as well as methods for making such fusion polypeptides, are discussed in more detail herein.

Examples of mutations that can be introduced into an FGF21 sequence either as a point mutation or as a combination of two or more point mutants are summarized in Table 10:

TABLE 10 Summarized FGF21 Point Mutations Disulfide Bonds Reduced Between Cys C-Term Reduced Wild Introduced Stability Proteolysis Aggregation Residues at Degradation Glycosylation Position type Cysteines Mutants Mutants Mutants Positions Mutants Mutants 1 H 2 P 3 I 4 P 5 D 6 S 7 S 8 P 9 L 10 L 11 Q 12 F 13 G 14 G 15 Q 16 V 17 R 18 Q C 19 R C Q, I, K 138 20 Y C H, L, F 139 21 L C I, F, Y, V 33 22 Y C I, F, V 137, 139 23 T C 25, 28 24 D C 135 25 D C 23, 122 26 A C E, K, R 122 27 Q C 123 28 Q C 28, 43, 124 29 T C 30 E C 31 A C 43 32 H 33 L C 21 34 E 35 I C 84 36 R C 37 E C 38 D C 39 G C 40 T C 82 41 V C 42 G C D, E, R, K, 124, 126 H, S, T, N, Q 43 G C 28, 31, 124 44 A C 45 A C E, K, R, Q, T 46 D C 47 Q C 48 S C 49 P C 50 E C 69 51 S 52 L T 53 L 54 Q C D, E, R, K, 66 H, S, T, N, Q 55 L 56 K C 57 A C 58 L C C, E, S 62 59 K C 60 P C A, E, K, R 61 G C 62 V C 58 63 I 64 Q C 65 I C 66 L C 54 67 G C 72, 135 68 V C 69 K C 50 70 T C 71 S C 72 R C 67, 84 73 F C 93 74 L 75 C C 85, 92 76 Q C 109 77 R C D, E, R, K, 79, 81 H, S, T, N, Q 78 P C A, C, H, R 79 D C 77 80 G C 129 81 A C D, E, R, K, 77 H, S, T, N, Q 82 L C 41, 119 83 Y C 84 G C 35, 72 85 S C 75 86 L C D, E, R, K, C, T H, S, T, N, Q 87 H C 88 F C D, E, R, K, A, E, K, R, S H, S, T, N, Q 89 D C 90 P C 92 91 E C 92 A C 90 93 C C 73 94 S C 110 95 F C 107 96 R G, A, V, P, F, Y, W, S, T, N, D, Q, E, C, M 97 E 98 L C C, E, K, Q, R 99 L C C, D, E, R 100 L C 102 101 E C 102 D C 100, 104 103 G C 104 Y C 102 105 N 106 V C 107 Y C 95 108 Q C 109 S C 76 110 E C 94 111 A C K, T 112 H C 113 G C 114 L C 115 P C 117 116 L C 117 H C 115, 129, 130 118 L C 132, 134 119 P C 82 120 G C 121 N C D, S, A, 127 V, S, E 122 K C D, E, R, K, 25, 26 H, S, T, N, Q 123 S C 27, 125 124 P C 28, 42, 43 125 H C D, E, R, K, 123 H, S, T, N, Q 126 R C D, E, R, K, 42 H, S, T, N, Q 127 D C 121, 132 128 P C 129 A C D, E, H, K, N, 80, 117 R, Q 130 P C D, E, R, K, 117 H, S, T, N, Q 131 R C S, T, N, Q, D, E, R, K, H 132 G C 118, 127 133 P C 134 A C E, H, KY 118 135 R C 24, 67 136 F 137 L C 22 138 P C 19 139 L C D, E, R, K, 20, 22 H, S, T, N, Q 140 P C 141 G 142 L 143 P 144 P 145 A D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 146 P D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 147 P 148 E 149 P 150 P A, R 151 G A, V 152 I C D, E, R, K, H, L, F, V 163 H, S, T, N, Q 153 L C G, A, V, P, F, Y, W, S, T, N, D, Q, E, C, M, I 154 A C V, P, F, Y, W, C, M, L, D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 155 P 156 Q D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 157 P 158 P 159 D 160 V 161 G D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q 162 S 163 S C D, E, R, K, 152 H, S, T, N, Q 164 D 165 P 166 L 167 S C A, E, D, N, A, E, D, N, Q, G, V, Q, G, V, H, K, Y, H, K, Y F, W, M, R, C, I, L, P 168 M 169 V 170 G D, E, R, K, A, N, D, C, Q, H, S, T, N, Q E, P, S 171 P A, R, N, D, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T, W, Y 172 S D, E, R, K, L, T H, S, T, N, Q 173 Q R, E 174 G A 175 R A 176 S 177 P A 178 S 179 Y P, G, S, A 180 A G, E, P, S 181 S G G, P, K, T, A, L, P

8. FGF21 Fusion Proteins

As used herein, the term “FGF21 fusion polypeptide” or “FGF21 fusion protein” refers to a fusion of one or more amino acid residues (such as a heterologous protein or peptide) at the N-terminus or C-terminus of any FGF21 polypeptide mutant described herein.

Heterologous peptides and polypeptides include, but are not limited to, an epitope to allow for the detection and/or isolation of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant; a transmembrane receptor protein or a portion thereof, such as an extracellular domain or a transmembrane and intracellular domain; a ligand or a portion thereof which binds to a transmembrane receptor protein; an enzyme or portion thereof which is catalytically active; a polypeptide or peptide which promotes oligomerization, such as a leucine zipper domain; a polypeptide or peptide which increases stability, such as an immunoglobulin constant region (e.g., an Fc domain); a half life-extending sequence comprising a combination of two or more (e.g., 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc) naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring charged and/or uncharged amino acids (e.g., Serine, Glycine, Glutamic or Aspartic Acid) designed to form a predominantly hydrophilic or predominantly hydrophobic fusion partner for an FGF21 mutant; a functional or non-functional antibody, or a heavy or light chain thereof; and a polypeptide which has an activity, such as a therapeutic activity, different from the FGF21 polypeptide mutants of the present invention. Also encompassed by the present invention are FGF21 mutants fused to human serum albumin (HSA).

FGF21 fusion proteins can be made by fusing heterologous sequences at either the N-terminus or at the C-terminus of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant. As described herein, a heterologous sequence can be an amino acid sequence or a non-amino acid-containing polymer. Heterologous sequences can be fused either directly to the FGF21 polypeptide mutant or via a linker or adapter molecule. A linker or adapter molecule can be one or more amino acid residues (or -mers), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 residues (or -mers), preferably from 10 to 50 amino acid residues (or -mers), e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 residues (or -mers), and more preferably from 15 to 35 amino acid residues (or -mers). A linker or adapter molecule can also be designed with a cleavage site for a DNA restriction endonuclease or for a protease to allow for the separation of the fused moieties.

a. Fc Fusions

In one embodiment of the present invention, an FGF21 polypeptide mutant is fused to an Fc domain, e.g., one or more domains of an Fc region of a human IgG. Antibodies comprise two functionally independent parts, a variable domain known as “Fab,” that binds an antigen, and a constant domain known as “Fc,” that is involved in effector functions such as complement activation and attack by phagocytic cells. An Fc has a long serum half-life, whereas a Fab is short-lived (Capon et al., 1989, Nature 337: 525-31). When joined together with a therapeutic protein, an Fc domain can provide longer half-life or incorporate such functions as Fc receptor binding, protein A binding, complement fixation, and perhaps even placental transfer (Capon et al., 1989).

In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that human FGF21 has a short half-life of about 1 hour in mice due to rapid clearance and in vivo degradation. Therefore, to extend the half-life of FGF21 a native Fc sequence was fused to the N- or C-terminal end of the FGF21 polypeptide. The fusion of the Fc sequence to wild type FGF21, in particularly Fc fused to the N-terminus of wild type FGF21, did not extend the half-life as expected, however this observation led to an investigation of the proteolytic degradation of FGF21 in vivo and the identification of FGF21 mutants that were resistant to such degradation. Such mutants are described in, for example, Examples 9 and 11, and exhibit longer half-lives than wild-type FGF21. These and other FGF21 fusion proteins form embodiments of the present invention.

Throughout the instant disclosure, Fc-FGF21 refers to a fusion protein in which the Fc sequence is fused to the N-terminus of FGF21. Similarly, throughout the disclosure, FGF21-Fc refers to a fusion protein in which the Fc sequence is fused to the C-terminus of FGF21.

The resulting FGF21 fusion protein can be purified, for example, by the use of a Protein A affinity column. Peptides and proteins fused to an Fc region have been found to exhibit a substantially greater half-life in vivo than the unfused counterpart. Also, a fusion to an Fc region allows for dimerization/multimerization of the fusion polypeptide. The Fc region can be a naturally occurring Fc region, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc, or can be altered to improve certain qualities, such as therapeutic qualities, circulation time, or reduced aggregation. In one example an Fc region is an IgG1 Fc, e.g., SEQ ID NO:11, and in another, an Fc region is an IgG4 Fc, e.g., SEQ ID NO:171.

Useful modifications of protein therapeutic agents by fusion with the “Fc” domain of an antibody are discussed in detail in International Publication No. WO 00/024782, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

b. Fusion Protein Linkers

When forming the fusion proteins of the present invention, a linker can, but need not, be employed. When present, the linker's chemical structure may not be critical, since it serves primarily as a spacer. The linker can be made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. In some embodiments of the present invention, the linker is made up of from 1 to 20 amino acids linked by peptide bonds, wherein the amino acids are selected from the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. In various embodiments, the 1 to 20 amino acids are selected from the amino acids glycine, serine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, and lysine. In some embodiments, a linker is made up of a majority of amino acids that are sterically unhindered, such as glycine and alanine. In some embodiments, linkers are polyglycines (such as (Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:29) and (Gly)₅ (SEQ ID NO:30)), polyalanines, combinations of glycine and alanine (such as poly(Gly-Ala)), or combinations of glycine and serine (such as poly(Gly-Ser)). Other suitable linkers include: (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:28), (Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:31), (Gly)₃-Lys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:32), (Gly)₃-Asn-Gly-Ser-(Gly)₂ (SEQ ID NO:33), (Gly)₃-Cys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:34), Gly-Pro-Asn-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID NO:35), Gly-Ser(Gly₄Ser)₃ (SEQ ID NO:166), (Gly₄Ser)₄ (SEQ ID NO:167), (Gly₄S)₂ (SEQ ID NO:168), DAAAKEAAAKDAAAREAAARDAAAK (SEQ ID NO:169), NVDHKPSNTKVDKR (SEQ ID NO:170). While a linker of 15 amino acid residues has been found to work particularly well for FGF21 fusion proteins, the present invention contemplates linkers of any length or composition. In the present disclosure, when a linker was employed to join a heterologous sequence, such as an Fc domain, and an FGF21 polypeptide or FGF21 mutant, the linker is expressed in parentheses.

The linkers described herein are exemplary, and linkers that are much longer and which include other residues are contemplated by the present invention. Non-peptide linkers are also contemplated by the present invention. For example, alkyl linkers such as —NH—(CH₂)_(S)—C(O)—, wherein s=2 to 20, could be used. These alkyl linkers can further be substituted by any non-sterically hindering group, including, but not limited to, a lower alkyl (e.g., C1-C6), lower acyl, halogen (e.g., Cl, Br), CN, NH₂, or phenyl. An exemplary non-peptide linker is a polyethylene glycol linker, wherein the linker has a molecular weight of 100 to 5000 kD, for example, 100 to 500 kD.

8. Chemically-Modified FGF21 Mutants

Chemically modified forms of the FGF21 polypeptide mutants described herein, including the truncated forms of FGF21 described herein, can be prepared by one skilled in the art, given the disclosures described herein. Such chemically modified FGF21 mutants are altered such that the chemically modified FGF21 mutant is different from the unmodified FGF21 mutant, either in the type or location of the molecules naturally attached to the FGF21 mutant. Chemically modified FGF21 mutants can include molecules formed by the deletion of one or more naturally-attached chemical groups.

In one embodiment, FGF21 polypeptide mutants of the present invention can be modified by the covalent attachment of one or more polymers. For example, the polymer selected is typically water-soluble so that the protein to which it is attached does not precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiological environment. Included within the scope of suitable polymers is a mixture of polymers. Preferably, for therapeutic use of the end-product preparation, the polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable. Non-water soluble polymers conjugated to FGF21 polypeptide mutants of the present invention also form an aspect of the invention.

Exemplary polymers each can be of any molecular weight and can be branched or unbranched. The polymers each typically have an average molecular weight of between about 2 kDa to about 100 kDa (the term “about” indicating that in preparations of a water-soluble polymer, some molecules will weigh more and some less than the stated molecular weight). The average molecular weight of each polymer is preferably between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa, more preferably between about 12 kDa and about 40 kDa, and most preferably between about 20 kDa and about 35 kDa.

Suitable water-soluble polymers or mixtures thereof include, but are not limited to, N-linked or O-linked carbohydrates, sugars, phosphates, polyethylene glycol (PEG) (including the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize proteins, including mono-(C₁-C₁₀), alkoxy-, or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran (such as low molecular weight dextran of, for example, about 6 kD), cellulose, or other carbohydrate based polymers, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g., glycerol), and polyvinyl alcohol. Also encompassed by the present invention are bifunctional crosslinking molecules that can be used to prepare covalently attached FGF21 polypeptide mutant multimers. Also encompassed by the present invention are FGF21 mutants covalently attached to polysialic acid.

In some embodiments of the present invention, an FGF21 mutant is covalently, or chemically, modified to include one or more water-soluble polymers, including, but not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxyethylene glycol, or polypropylene glycol. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192; and 4,179,337. In some embodiments of the present invention, an FGF21 mutant comprises one or more polymers, including, but not limited to, monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, another carbohydrate-based polymer, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)-polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, a polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymer, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g., glycerol), polyvinyl alcohol, or mixtures of such polymers.

In some embodiments of the present invention, an FGF21 mutant is covalently-modified with PEG subunits. In some embodiments, one or more water-soluble polymers are bonded at one or more specific positions (for example, at the N-terminus) of the FGF21 mutant. In some embodiments, one or more water-soluble polymers are randomly attached to one or more side chains of an FGF21 mutant. In some embodiments, PEG is used to improve the therapeutic capacity of an FGF21 mutant. Certain such methods are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,133,426, which is hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose.

In embodiments of the present invention wherein the polymer is PEG, the PEG group can be of any convenient molecular weight, and can be linear or branched. The average molecular weight of the PEG group will preferably range from about 2 kD to about 100 kDa, and more preferably from about 5 kDa to about 50 kDa, e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 kDa. The PEG groups will generally be attached to the FGF21 mutant via acylation or reductive alkylation through a reactive group on the PEG moiety (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, thiol, or ester group) to a reactive group on the FGF21 mutant (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, or ester group).

The PEGylation of a polypeptide, including the FGF21 mutants of the present invention, can be specifically carried out using any of the PEGylation reactions known in the art. Such reactions are described, for example, in the following references: Francis et al., 1992, Focus on Growth Factors 3: 4-10; European Patent Nos. 0 154 316 and 0 401 384; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337. For example, PEGylation can be carried out via an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive polyethylene glycol molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer) as described herein. For the acylation reactions, a selected polymer should have a single reactive ester group. For reductive alkylation, a selected polymer should have a single reactive aldehyde group. A reactive aldehyde is, for example, polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde, which is water stable, or mono C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy or aryloxy derivatives thereof (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,714).

In some embodiments of the present invention, a useful strategy for the attachment of the PEG group to a polypeptide involves combining, through the formation of a conjugate linkage in solution, a peptide and a PEG moiety, each bearing a special functionality that is mutually reactive toward the other. The peptides can be easily prepared with conventional solid phase synthesis. The peptides are “preactivated” with an appropriate functional group at a specific site. The precursors are purified and fully characterized prior to reacting with the PEG moiety. Ligation of the peptide with PEG usually takes place in aqueous phase and can be easily monitored by reverse phase analytical HPLC. The PEGylated peptides can be easily purified by preparative HPLC and characterized by analytical HPLC, amino acid analysis and laser desorption mass spectrometry.

Polysaccharide polymers are another type of water-soluble polymer that can be used for protein modification. Therefore, the FGF21 mutants of the present invention fused to a polysaccharide polymer form embodiments of the present invention. Dextrans are polysaccharide polymers comprised of individual subunits of glucose predominantly linked by alpha 1-6 linkages. The dextran itself is available in many molecular weight ranges, and is readily available in molecular weights from about 1 kD to about 70 kD. Dextran is a suitable water-soluble polymer for use as a vehicle by itself or in combination with another vehicle (e.g., Fc). See, e.g., International Publication No. WO 96/11953. The use of dextran conjugated to therapeutic or diagnostic immunoglobulins has been reported. See, e.g., European Patent Publication No. 0 315 456, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention also encompasses the use of dextran of about 1 kD to about 20 kD.

In general, chemical modification can be performed under any suitable condition used to react a protein with an activated polymer molecule. Methods for preparing chemically modified polypeptides will generally comprise the steps of: (a) reacting the polypeptide with the activated polymer molecule (such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of the polymer molecule) under conditions whereby an FGF21 polypeptide mutant becomes attached to one or more polymer molecules, and (b) obtaining the reaction products. The optimal reaction conditions will be determined based on known parameters and the desired result. For example, the larger the ratio of polymer molecules to protein, the greater the percentage of attached polymer molecule. In one embodiment of the present invention, chemically modified FGF21 mutants can have a single polymer molecule moiety at the amino-terminus (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,784)

In another embodiment of the present invention, FGF21 polypeptide mutants can be chemically coupled to biotin. The biotin/FGF21 polypeptide mutants are then allowed to bind to avidin, resulting in tetravalent avidin/biotin/FGF21 polypeptide mutants. FGF21 polypeptide mutants can also be covalently coupled to dinitrophenol (DNP) or trinitrophenol (TNP) and the resulting conjugates precipitated with anti-DNP or anti-TNP-IgM to form decameric conjugates with a valency of 10.

Generally, conditions that can be alleviated or modulated by the administration of the disclosed chemically modified FGF21 mutants include those conditions described herein for FGF21 polypeptide mutants. However, the chemically modified FGF21 mutants disclosed herein can have additional activities, enhanced or reduced biological activity, or other characteristics, such as increased or decreased half-life, as compared to unmodified FGF21 mutants.

9. Pharmaceutical Compositions of FGF21 Mutants and Administration Thereof

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising FGF21 mutants are within the scope of the present invention, and are specifically contemplated in light of the identification of several mutant FGF21 sequences exhibiting enhanced properties. Such FGF21 mutant pharmaceutical compositions can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant in admixture with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable formulation agent selected for suitability with the mode of administration. Acceptable formulation agents preferably are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.

The pharmaceutical composition can contain formulation agent(s) for modifying, maintaining, or preserving, for example, the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color, isotonicity, odor, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution or release, adsorption, or penetration of the composition. Suitable formulation agents include, but are not limited to, amino acids (such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine), antimicrobials, antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, or sodium hydrogen-sulfite), buffers (such as borate, bicarbonate, Tris-HCl, citrates, phosphates, or other organic acids), bulking agents (such as mannitol or glycine), chelating agents (such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)), complexing agents (such as caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta-cyclodextrin, or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin), fillers, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates (such as glucose, mannose, or dextrins), proteins (such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins), coloring, flavoring and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, hydrophilic polymers (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone), low molecular weight polypeptides, salt-forming counterions (such as sodium), preservatives (such as benzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thimerosal, phenethyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine, sorbic acid, or hydrogen peroxide), solvents (such as glycerin, propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol), sugar alcohols (such as mannitol or sorbitol), suspending agents, surfactants or wetting agents (such as pluronics; PEG; sorbitan esters; polysorbates such as polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80; triton; tromethamine; lecithin; cholesterol or tyloxapal), stability enhancing agents (such as sucrose or sorbitol), tonicity enhancing agents (such as alkali metal halides—preferably sodium or potassium chloride—or mannitol sorbitol), delivery vehicles, diluents, excipients and/or pharmaceutical adjuvants (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th Ed., A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Company 1990), and subsequent editions of the same, incorporated herein by reference for any purpose).

The optimal pharmaceutical composition will be determined by a skilled artisan depending upon, for example, the intended route of administration, delivery format, and desired dosage (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra). Such compositions can influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the FGF21 polypeptide mutant.

The primary vehicle or carrier in a pharmaceutical composition can be either aqueous or non-aqueous in nature. For example, a suitable vehicle or carrier for injection can be water, physiological saline solution, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid, possibly supplemented with other materials common in compositions for parenteral administration. Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with serum albumin are further exemplary vehicles. Other exemplary pharmaceutical compositions comprise Tris buffer of about pH 7.0-8.5, or acetate buffer of about pH 4.0-5.5, which can further include sorbitol or a suitable substitute. In one embodiment of the present invention, FGF21 polypeptide mutant compositions can be prepared for storage by mixing the selected composition having the desired degree of purity with optional formulation agents (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra) in the form of a lyophilized cake or an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the FGF21 polypeptide mutant product can be formulated as a lyophilizate using appropriate excipients such as sucrose.

The FGF21 polypeptide mutant pharmaceutical compositions can be selected for parenteral delivery. Alternatively, the compositions can be selected for inhalation or for delivery through the digestive tract, such as orally. The preparation of such pharmaceutically acceptable compositions is within the skill of the art.

The formulation components are present in concentrations that are acceptable to the site of administration. For example, buffers are used to maintain the composition at physiological pH or at a slightly lower pH, typically within a pH range of from about 5 to about 8.

When parenteral administration is contemplated, the therapeutic compositions for use in this invention can be in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable, aqueous solution comprising the desired FGF21 polypeptide mutant in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. A particularly suitable vehicle for parenteral injection is sterile distilled water in which an FGF21 polypeptide mutant is formulated as a sterile, isotonic solution, properly preserved. Yet another preparation can involve the formulation of the desired molecule with an agent, such as injectable microspheres, bio-erodible particles, polymeric compounds (such as polylactic acid or polyglycolic acid), beads, or liposomes, that provides for the controlled or sustained release of the product which can then be delivered via a depot injection. Hyaluronic acid can also be used, and this can have the effect of promoting sustained duration in the circulation. Other suitable means for the introduction of the desired molecule include implantable drug delivery devices.

In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for inhalation. For example, an FGF21 polypeptide mutant can be formulated as a dry powder for inhalation. FGF21 polypeptide mutant inhalation solutions can also be formulated with a propellant for aerosol delivery. In yet another embodiment, solutions can be nebulized. Pulmonary administration is further described in International Publication No. WO 94/20069, which describes the pulmonary delivery of chemically modified proteins.

It is also contemplated that certain formulations can be administered orally. In one embodiment of the present invention, FGF21 polypeptide mutants that are administered in this fashion can be formulated with or without those carriers customarily used in the compounding of solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. For example, a capsule can be designed to release the active portion of the formulation at the point in the gastrointestinal tract when bioavailability is maximized and pre-systemic degradation is minimized. Additional agents can be included to facilitate absorption of the FGF21 polypeptide mutant. Diluents, flavorings, low melting point waxes, vegetable oils, lubricants, suspending agents, tablet disintegrating agents, and binders can also be employed.

Another pharmaceutical composition can involve an effective quantity of FGF21 polypeptide mutants in a mixture with non-toxic excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. By dissolving the tablets in sterile water, or another appropriate vehicle, solutions can be prepared in unit-dose form. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, lactose, or calcium phosphate; or binding agents, such as starch, gelatin, or acacia; or lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc.

Additional FGF21 polypeptide mutant pharmaceutical compositions will be evident to those skilled in the art, including formulations involving FGF21 polypeptide mutants in sustained- or controlled-delivery formulations. Techniques for formulating a variety of other sustained- or controlled-delivery means, such as liposome carriers, bio-erodible microparticles or porous beads and depot injections, are also known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., International Publication No. WO 93/15722, which describes the controlled release of porous polymeric microparticles for the delivery of pharmaceutical compositions, and Wischke & Schwendeman, 2008, Int. J. Pharm. 364: 298-327, and Freiberg & Zhu, 2004, Int. J. Pharm. 282: 1-18, which discuss microsphere/microparticle preparation and use). As described herein, a hydrogel is an example of a sustained- or controlled-delivery formulation.

Additional examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. Sustained release matrices can include polyesters, hydrogels, polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919 and European Patent No. 0 058 481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., 1983, Biopolymers 22: 547-56), poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) (Langer et al., 1981, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 15: 167-277 and Langer, 1982, Chem. Tech. 12: 98-105), ethylene vinyl acetate (Langer et al., supra) or poly-D(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (European Patent No. 0 133 988). Sustained-release compositions can also include liposomes, which can be prepared by any of several methods known in the art. See, e.g., Epstein et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82: 3688-92; and European Patent Nos. 0 036 676, 0 088 046, and 0 143 949.

The FGF21 polypeptide mutant pharmaceutical composition to be used for in vivo administration typically should be sterile. This can be accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. Where the composition is lyophilized, sterilization using this method can be conducted either prior to, or following, lyophilization and reconstitution. The composition for parenteral administration can be stored in lyophilized form or in a solution. In addition, parenteral compositions generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.

Once the pharmaceutical composition has been formulated, it can be stored in sterile vials as a solution, suspension, gel, emulsion, solid, or as a dehydrated or lyophilized powder. Such formulations can be stored either in a ready-to-use form or in a form (e.g., lyophilized) requiring reconstitution prior to administration.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed to kits for producing a single-dose administration unit. The kits can each contain both a first container having a dried protein and a second container having an aqueous formulation. Also included within the scope of this invention are kits containing single and multi-chambered pre-filled syringes (e.g., liquid syringes and lyosyringes).

The effective amount of an FGF21 polypeptide mutant pharmaceutical composition to be employed therapeutically will depend, for example, upon the therapeutic context and objectives. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the appropriate dosage levels for treatment will thus vary depending, in part, upon the molecule delivered, the indication for which the FGF21 polypeptide mutant is being used, the route of administration, and the size (body weight, body surface, or organ size) and condition (the age and general health) of the patient. Accordingly, the clinician can titer the dosage and modify the route of administration to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect. A typical dosage can range from about 0.1 μg/kg to up to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. In other embodiments, the dosage can range from 0.1 μg/kg up to about 100 mg/kg; or 1 μg/kg up to about 100 mg/kg; or 5 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 15 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, 25 μg/kg, 30 μg/kg, 35 μg/kg, 40 μg/kg, 45 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, 55 μg/kg, 60 μg/kg, 65 μg/kg, 70 μg/kg, 75 μg/kg, up to about 100 mg/kg. In yet other embodiments, the dosage can be 50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 350 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 550 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 650 μg/kg, 700 μg/kg, 750 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg, 850 μg/kg, 900 μg/kg, 950 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 700 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg, 900 μg/kg, 1000 μg/kg, 2000 μg/kg, 3000 μg/kg, 4000 μg/kg, 5000 μg/kg, 6000 μg/kg, 7000 μg/kg, 8000 μg/kg, 9000 μg/kg or 10 mg/kg.

The frequency of dosing will depend upon the pharmacokinetic parameters of the FGF21 polypeptide mutant in the formulation being used. Typically, a clinician will administer the composition until a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect. The composition can therefore be administered as a single dose, as two or more doses (which may or may not contain the same amount of the desired molecule) over time, or as a continuous infusion via an implantation device or catheter. Further refinement of the appropriate dosage is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art and is within the ambit of tasks routinely performed by them. Appropriate dosages can be ascertained through use of appropriate dose-response data.

The route of administration of the pharmaceutical composition is in accord with known methods, e.g., orally; through injection by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral (intraparenchymal), intracerebroventricular, intramuscular, intraocular, intraarterial, intraportal, or intralesional routes; by sustained release systems (which may also be injected); or by implantation devices. Where desired, the compositions can be administered by bolus injection or continuously by infusion, or by implantation device.

Alternatively or additionally, the composition can be administered locally via implantation of a membrane, sponge, or other appropriate material onto which the desired molecule has been absorbed or encapsulated. Where an implantation device is used, the device can be implanted into any suitable tissue or organ, and delivery of the desired molecule can be via diffusion, timed-release bolus, or continuous administration.

In order to deliver drug, e.g., an FGF21 mutant disclosed herein, at a predetermined rate such that the drug concentration can be maintained at a desired therapeutically effective level over an extended period, a variety of different approaches can be employed. In one example, a hydrogel comprising a polymer such as a gelatin (e.g., bovine gelatin, human gelatin, or gelatin from another source) or a naturally-occurring or a synthetically generated polymer can be employed. Any percentage of polymer (e.g., gelatin) can be employed in a hydrogel, such as 5, 10, 15 or 20%. The selection of an appropriate concentration can depend on a variety of factors, such as the therapeutic profile desired and the pharmacokinetic profile of the therapeutic molecule.

Examples of polymers that can be incorporated into a hydrogel include polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polyethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide, co-polyethylene oxide block or random copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone), poly(amino acids), dextran, heparin, polysaccharides, polyethers and the like.

Another factor that can be considered when generating a hydrogel formulation is the degree of crosslinking in the hydrogel and the crosslinking agent. In one embodiment, cross-linking can be achieved via a methacrylation reaction involving methacrylic anhydride. In some situations, a high degree of cross-linking may be desirable while in other situations a lower degree of crosslinking is preferred. In some cases a higher degree of crosslinking provides a longer sustained release. A higher degree of crosslinking may provide a firmer hydrogel and a longer period over which drug is delivered.

Any ratio of polymer to crosslinking agent (e.g., methacrylic anhydride) can be employed to generate a hydrogel with desired properties. For example, the ratio of polymer to crosslinker can be, e.g., 8:1, 16:1, 24:1, or 32:1. For example, when the hydrogel polymer is gelatin and the crosslinker is methacrylate, ratios of 8:1, 16:1, 24:1, or 32:1 methyacrylic anhydride:gelatin can be employed.

10. Therapeutic Uses of FGF21 Polypeptide Mutants

FGF21 polypeptide mutants can be used to treat, diagnose, ameliorate, or prevent a number of diseases, disorders, or conditions, including, but not limited to metabolic disorders. In one embodiment, the metabolic disorder to be treated is diabetes, e.g., type 2 diabetes. In another embodiment, the metabolic disorder is obesity. Other embodiments include metabolic conditions or disorders such as dyslipidimia; hypertension; hepatosteaotosis, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis; and aging.

In application, a disorder or condition such as diabetes or obesity can be treated by administering an FGF21 polypeptide mutant as described herein to a patient in need thereof in the amount of a therapeutically effective dose. The administration can be performed as described herein, such as by IV injection, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or orally in the form of a tablet or liquid formation. In most situations, a desired dosage can be determined by a clinician, as described herein, and can represent a therapeutically effective dose of the FGF21 mutant polypeptide. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that a therapeutically effective dose of FGF21 mutant polypeptide will depend, inter alia, upon the administration schedule, the unit dose of agent administered, whether the nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide is administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, the immune status and the health of the recipient. The term “therapeutically effective dose,” as used herein, means that amount of FGF21 mutant polypeptide that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal, or human being sought by a researcher, medical doctor, or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.

11. Antibodies

Antibodies and antibody fragments that specifically bind to the FGF21 mutant polypeptides of the present invention but do not specifically bind to wild-type FGF21 polypeptides are contemplated and are within the scope of the present invention. The antibodies can be polyclonal, including monospecific polyclonal; monoclonal (MAbs); recombinant; chimeric; humanized, such as complementarity-determining region (CDR)-grafted; human; single chain; and/or bispecific; as well as fragments; variants; or chemically modified molecules thereof. Antibody fragments include those portions of the antibody that specifically bind to an epitope on an FGF21 mutant polypeptide. Examples of such fragments include Fab and F(ab′) fragments generated by enzymatic cleavage of full-length antibodies. Other binding fragments include those generated by recombinant DNA techniques, such as the expression of recombinant plasmids containing nucleic acid sequences encoding antibody variable regions.

The term “specifically binding,” when used in the context of an antibody, means that the antibody binds its target in the presence of a heterogeneous population of proteins and/or other biologic material. More particularly, when an antibody specifically binds its target, this means that under predetermined immunoassay conditions, the antibody binds to its target and does not bind in a significant amount to other proteins present in the sample. Any convenient immunoassay format can be employed to identify an antibody that specifically binds its target, e.g., solid-phase ELISA immunoassays. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York. Polyclonal antibodies directed toward an FGF21 mutant polypeptide generally are produced in animals (e.g., rabbits or mice) by means of multiple subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of the FGF21 mutant polypeptide and an adjuvant. It can be useful to conjugate an FGF21 mutant polypeptide to a carrier protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum, albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are used to enhance the immune response. After immunization, the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for anti-FGF21 mutant antibody titer.

Monoclonal antibodies directed toward FGF21 mutant polypeptides can be produced using any method that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. Examples of suitable methods for preparing monoclonal antibodies include the hybridoma methods of Kohler et al., 1975, Nature 256: 495-97 and the human B-cell hybridoma method (Kozbor, 1984, J. Immunol. 133: 3001; Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1987). Also provided by the invention are hybridoma cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies reactive with FGF21 mutant polypeptides.

Monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be modified for use as therapeutics. In one embodiment, the monoclonal antibody is a “chimeric” antibody in which a portion of the heavy (H) and/or light (L) chain is identical with or homologous to a corresponding sequence in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is/are identical with or homologous to a corresponding sequence in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass. Also included are fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81: 6851-55.

In another embodiment, a monoclonal antibody of the invention is a “humanized” antibody. Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089 and 5,693,762. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source that is non-human. Humanization can be performed, for example, using methods described in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al., 1986, Nature 321: 522-25; Riechmann et al., 1998, Nature 332: 323-27; Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science 239: 1534-36), by substituting at least a portion of a rodent complementarity-determining region for the corresponding regions of a human antibody.

Also encompassed by the invention are human antibodies that bind the FGF21 mutant polypeptides of the present invention. Using transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable of producing a repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production such antibodies are produced by immunization with an antigen derived from an FGF21 mutant (i.e., having at least 6 contiguous amino acids), optionally conjugated to a carrier. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 2551-55; Jakobovits et al., 1993, Nature 362: 255-58; Bruggermann et al., 1993, Year in Immuno. 7: 33. In one method, such transgenic animals are produced by incapacitating the endogenous loci encoding the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains therein, and inserting loci encoding human heavy and light chain proteins into the genome thereof. Partially modified animals, i.e., animals having less than the full complement of modifications, are then cross-bred to obtain an animal having all of the desired immune system modifications. When administered an immunogen, these transgenic animals produce antibodies with human (rather than, e.g., murine) amino acid sequences, including variable regions that are immunospecific for these antigens. See, e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 96/33735 and WO 94/02602. Additional methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807, International Publication Nos. WO 91/10741 and WO 90/04036, and in European Patent No. 0 546 073. Human antibodies can also be produced by the expression of recombinant DNA in host cells or by expression in hybridoma cells as described herein.

In an alternative embodiment, human antibodies can also be produced from phage-display libraries (see, e.g., Hoogenboom et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 227: 381; Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581). These processes mimic immune selection through the display of antibody repertoires on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage, and subsequent selection of phage by their binding to an antigen of choice.

Chimeric, CDR grafted, and humanized antibodies are typically produced by recombinant methods. Nucleic acids encoding the antibodies are introduced into host cells and expressed using materials and procedures described herein. In one embodiment, the antibodies are produced in mammalian host cells, such as CHO cells. Monoclonal (e.g., human) antibodies can be produced by the expression of recombinant DNA in host cells or by expression in hybridoma cells as described herein.

The anti-FGF21 mutant antibodies of the invention can be employed in any known assay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays (see, e.g., Sola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc., 1987), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) for the detection and quantitation of FGF21 mutant polypeptides. The antibodies will bind FGF21 mutant polypeptides with an affinity that is appropriate for the assay method being employed.

For diagnostic applications, in certain embodiments, anti-FGF21 mutant antibodies can be labeled with a detectable moiety. The detectable moiety can be any one that is capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal. For example, the detectable moiety can be a radioisotope, such as ³H, ¹⁴C, ³²S, ¹²⁵I, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹¹¹In, or ⁶⁷Ga; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin; or an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, or horseradish peroxidase (Bayer et al., 1990, Meth. Enz. 184: 138-63).

Competitive binding assays rely on the ability of a labeled standard (e.g., an FGF21 mutant polypeptide, or an immunologically reactive portion thereof) to compete with the test sample analyte (e.g., an FGF21 mutant polypeptide) for binding with a limited amount of anti-FGF21 mutant antibody. The amount of an FGF21 mutant polypeptide in the test sample is inversely proportional to the amount of standard that becomes bound to the antibodies. To facilitate determining the amount of standard that becomes bound, the antibodies typically are insolubilized before or after the competition, so that the standard and analyte that are bound to the antibodies can conveniently be separated from the standard and analyte that remain unbound.

Sandwich assays typically involve the use of two antibodies, each capable of binding to a different immunogenic portion, or epitope, of the protein to be detected and/or quantitated. In a sandwich assay, the test sample analyte is typically bound by a first antibody that is immobilized on a solid support, and thereafter a second antibody binds to the analyte, thus forming an insoluble three-part complex. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110. The second antibody can itself be labeled with a detectable moiety (direct sandwich assays) or can be measured using an anti-immunoglobulin antibody that is labeled with a detectable moiety (indirect sandwich assays). For example, one type of sandwich assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which case the detectable moiety is an enzyme.

The anti-FGF21 mutant antibodies of the present invention are also useful for in vivo imaging. An antibody labeled with a detectable moiety can be administered to an animal, preferably into the bloodstream, and the presence and location of the labeled antibody in the host assayed. The antibody can be labeled with any moiety that is detectable in an animal, whether by nuclear magnetic resonance, radiology, or other detection means known in the art.

The FGF21 mutant antibodies of the invention can be used as therapeutics. These therapeutic agents are generally agonists or antagonists, in that they either enhance or reduce, respectively, at least one of the biological activities of an FGF21 mutant polypeptide. In one embodiment, antagonist antibodies of the invention are antibodies or binding fragments thereof which are capable of specifically binding to an FGF21 mutant polypeptide and which are capable of inhibiting or eliminating the functional activity of an FGF21 mutant polypeptide in vivo or in vitro. In some embodiments, the antagonist antibody will inhibit the functional activity of an FGF21 mutant polypeptide by at least about 50%, and preferably by at least about 80%. In another embodiment, the anti-FGF21 mutant antibody is capable of interfering with the interaction between an FGF21 mutant polypeptide and an FGF receptor thereby inhibiting or eliminating FGF21 mutant polypeptide activity in vitro or in vivo. Agonist and antagonist anti-FGF21 mutant antibodies are identified by screening assays that are well known in the art.

The invention also relates to a kit comprising FGF21 mutant antibodies and other reagents useful for detecting FGF21 mutant polypeptide levels in biological samples. Such reagents can include a detectable label, blocking serum, positive and negative control samples, and detection reagents.

EXAMPLES

The Examples that follow are illustrative of specific embodiments of the invention, and various uses thereof. They are set forth for explanatory purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

Example 1 Preparation of FGF21 Expression Constructs

A nucleic acid sequence encoding the mature FGF21 polypeptide was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers having nucleotide sequences corresponding to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the mature FGF21 sequence. Table 11 lists the primers that were used to amplify the mature FGF21 sequence.

TABLE 11 PCR Primers for Preparing FGF21 Construct SEQ Primer Sequence ID NO: Sense 5′-AGGAGGAATAACATATGCATCCAATTCCAGATTCTTCTCC-3′ 12 Antisense 5′-TAGTGAGCTCGAATTCTTAGGAAGCGTAGCTGG-3′ 13

The primers used to prepare the mature FGF21 expression construct incorporated restriction endonuclease sites (the NdeI site also comprises an N-terminal methionine for bacterial expression) for directional cloning of the sequence into a suitable expression vector (e.g., pET30 (Novagen/EMD Biosciences; San Diego, Calif.) or pAMG33 (Amgen; Thousand Oaks, Calif.)). The expression vector pAMG33 contains a low-copy number R-100 origin of replication, a modified lac promoter, and a kanamycin-resistance gene. The expression vector pET30 contains a pBR322-derived origin of replication, an inducible T7 promoter, and a kanamycin-resistance gene. While expression from pAMG33 was found to be higher, pET30 was found to be a more reliable cloning vector. Thus, the majority of the constructs described in the instant disclosure were first generated in pET30 and then screened for efficacy. Selected sequences were then transferred to pAMG33 for further amplification.

The FGF21 sequence was amplified in a reaction mixture containing 40.65 μL dH₂O, 5 μL PfuUltra II Reaction Buffer (10×), 1.25 μL dNTP Mix (40 mM-4×10 mM), 0.1 μL Template (100 ng/mL), 1 μL Primer1 (10 μM), 1 μL Primer2 (10 μM), and 1 μL PfuUltra II fusion HS DNA Polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.). Amplification reactions were performed by heating for 2 minutes at 95° C.; followed by ten cycles at 95° C. for 20 seconds, 60° C. for 20 seconds (with an additional 1° C. subtracted per cycle), and 72° C. for 15 seconds/kilobase of desired product; followed by 20 cycles at 94° C. for 20 seconds, 55° C. for 20 seconds, and 72° C. for 15 seconds/kilobase of desired product; followed by 72° C. for 3 minutes. Amplification products were digested with the restriction endonucleases NdeI, DpnI, and EcoRI; ligated into a suitable vector; and then transformed into competent cells.

Example 2 Purification of FGF21 Proteins from Bacteria

In the Examples that follow, various FGF21 proteins, including the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide, truncated FGF21 polypeptides, FGF21 mutants, and FGF21 fusion proteins, were expressed in a bacterial expression system. After expression, which is described below, the FGF21 proteins were purified as described in this Example, unless otherwise indicated.

To purify the wild-type FGF21 polypeptide, truncated FGF21 polypeptides, and FGF21 mutants from bacterial inclusion bodies, double-washed inclusion bodies (DWIBs) were solubilized in a solubilization buffer containing guanidine hydrochloride and DTT in Tris buffer at pH 8.5. They were then mixed for one hour at room temperature, and the solubilization mixture was added to a refold buffer containing urea, arginine, cysteine, and cystamine hydrochloride at pH 9.5 and then mixed for 24 hours at 5° C. (see, e.g., Clarke, 1998, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9: 157-63; Mannall et al., 2007, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97: 1523-34; Rudolph et al., 1997, “Folding proteins,” Protein Function: A Practical Approach (Creighton, ed., New York, IRL Press) 57-99; and Ishibashi et al., 2005, Protein Expr. Purif. 42: 1-6).

Following solubilization and refolding, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The refold pool was then concentrated approximately 10-fold with a 10 kD molecular weight cut-off Pall Omega cassette at a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 20 psi, and dialfiltered with 3 column volumes of 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0 at a TMP of 20 psi.

The clarified sample was then subjected to anion exchange (AEX) chromatography using a Q Sepharose HP resin. A linear salt gradient of 0 to 250 mM NaCl in 20 mM Tris was run at pH 8.0 at 5° C. Peak fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and pooled.

The AEX eluate pool was then subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using a Phenyl Sepharose HP resin. Protein was eluted using a decreasing linear gradient of 0.7 M to 0 M ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 and ambient temperature. Peak fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970, Nature 227: 680-85) and pooled.

The HIC pool was concentrated with a 10 kD molecular weight cut-off Pall Omega 0.2 m² cassette to 7 mg/mL at a TMP of 20 psi. The concentrate was dialfiltered with 5 column volumes of formulation buffer at a TMP of 20 psi, and the recovered concentrate was diluted to 5 mg/mL. Finally, the solution was filtered through a Pall mini-Kleenpac 0.2 μM Posidyne membrane.

To purify FGF21 fusion proteins and FGF21 fusion mutant proteins from bacterial inclusion bodies, double-washed inclusion bodies (DWIBs) were solubilized in a solubilization buffer containing guanidine hydrochloride and DTT in Tris buffer at pH 8.5 and then mixed for one hour at room temperature. Then the solubilization mixture was added to a refold buffer containing urea, arginine, cysteine, and cystamine hydrochloride at pH 9.5 and then mixed for 24 hours at 5° C. (see, e.g., Clarke, 1998, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9: 157-63; Mannall et al., 2007, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97: 1523-34; Rudolph et al., 1997, “Folding proteins,” Protein Function: A Practical Approach (Creighton, ed., New York, IRL Press) 57-99; and Ishibashi et al., 2005, Protein Expr. Purif. 42: 1-6).

Following solubilization and refolding, the mixture was dialyzed against 5 volumes of 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0 using 10 kD dialysis tubing. The pH of the dialyzed refold was adjusted to 5.0 with 50% acetic acid, and then clarified by centrifugation for 30 minutes at 4K.

The clarified sample was then subjected to anion exchange (AEX) chromatography using a Q Sepharose HP resin. A linear salt gradient of 0 to 250 mM NaCl in 20 mM Tris was run at pH 8.0 at 5° C. Peak fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970, Nature 227: 680-85) and pooled.

The AEX eluate pool was then subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using a Phenyl Sepharose HP resin. Protein was eluted using a decreasing linear gradient of 0.6 M to 0 M ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 at ambient temperature. Peak fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and pooled.

Following the HIC step, the pool was then dialyzed 60 volumes of formulation buffer. The dialyzed pool was concentrated to 5 mg/mL using a Pall Jumbosep. Finally, the solution was filtered through a Pall mini-Kleenpac 0.2 μM Posidyne membrane.

Example 3 Preparation and Expression of Truncated FGF21 Proteins

Constructs encoding the truncated FGF21 proteins listed in Table 12 were prepared by PCR amplification of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector as described below (the construction of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector is described in Example 1).

TABLE 12 FGF21 Truncations Number of Amino Acid Residues Residues Truncated* C-terminus Truncations 1-180 1 1-179 2 1-178 3 1-177 4 1-176 5 1-175 6 1-174 7 1-173 8 1-172 9 1-171 10 1-169 12 1-168 13 1-167 14 1-166 15 1-165 16 1-164 17 1-160 21 1-156 25 1-152 29 1-149 32 1-113 68 N-terminus Truncations 2-181 1 3-181 2 4-181 3 5-181 4 6-181 5 7-181 6 8-181 7 9-181 8 C- and N-terminus Truncations 5-174 11 7-172 17 9-169 20 9-149 40 15-169  26 15-149  46 15-113  82 *relative to mature FGF21 polypeptide

Truncated FGF21 protein constructs were prepared using primers having sequences that are homologous to regions upstream and downstream of a codon (or codons) to be deleted (resulting in the truncation). The primers used in such amplification reactions also provided approximately 15 nucleotides of overlapping sequence to allow for recircularization of the amplified product, namely the entire vector now having the desired mutant or truncation.

An exemplary truncated FGF21 construct, encoding an FGF21 protein lacking the histidine residue at position 1 of the mature FGF21 sequence (i.e., the 2-181 truncation mutant), was prepared using the primers shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 PCR Primers for Preparing Exemplary Truncation FGF21 Mutant SEQ ID Primer Sequence NO: Sense 5′-GGAGATATACATATGCCAATTCCAGATTCTT 14 CTCCATTATT-3′ Antisense 5′-CATATGTATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTAAACA 15 AAA-3′

The primers shown in Table 4 allow for the deletion of the histidine residue as shown below, wherein the upper sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) is a portion of a mature FGF21 polypeptide comprising a N-terminal methionine, the second sequence is the sense primer (SEQ ID NO:14), the third and fourth sequences (SEQ ID NOs:17 and 18) are portions of an FGF21 expression construct, and the fifth sequence is the antisense primer (SEQ ID NO:16):

                               MetHisProIleProAspSerSerProLeu                 5′-GGAGATATACATATG--- CCAATTCCAGATTCTTCTCCATTATT TTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACATATG CAT CCAATTCCAGATTCTTCTCCATTAT T AAAACAAATTGAAATTCTTCCTCTATATGTATAC GTA GGTTAAGGTCTAAGAAGAGGTAATA A AAAACAAATTGAAATTCTTCCTCTATATGTATAC-5′

Truncated FGF21 protein constructs were prepared using essentially the PCR conditions described in Example 1. Amplification products were digested with the restriction endonuclease DpnI, and then transformed into competent cells. The resulting clones were sequenced to confirm the absence of polymerase-generated errors.

Truncated FGF21 proteins were expressed by transforming competent BL21 (DE3) or BL21 Star (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, Calif.) cells with the construct encoding a particular truncated FGF21 protein. Transformants were grown overnight with limited aeration in TB media supplemented with 40 μg/mL kanamycin, were aerated the next morning, and after a short recovery period, were induced in 0.4 mM IPTG. FGF21 mutants were harvested by centrifugation 18-20 hours after induction.

Example 4 In Vitro Activity of Truncated FGF21 Proteins

Experiments were performed to identify truncated FGF21 proteins that retain wild-type FGF21 activity in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay. Table 5 summarizes the results obtained for FGF21 proteins having truncations at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or at both the N-terminus and C-terminus ELK-luciferase assays were performed using a recombinant human 293T kidney cell system, in which the 293T cells overexpress β-Klotho and luciferase reporter constructs. These constructs also contain sequences encoding GAL4-ELK1 and 5×UAS-Luc, a luciferase reporter driven by a promoter containing five tandem copies of the Gal4 binding site. β-Klotho is a co-receptor that is required by FGF21 for activation of its FGF receptors and induction of intracellular signal transduction, which in turn leads to Erk and ELK phosphorylation. Luciferase activity is regulated by the level of phosphorylated Erk/ELK1, and is used to indirectly monitor and quantify FGF21 activity.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed by culturing the 293T cells in the presence of different concentrations of wild-type FGF21 or FGF21 mutant polypeptide for 6 hours, and then assaying the cell lysates for luciferase activity. FIGS. 1A-1B show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the FGF21 truncation mutants 7-181 and 8-181 (FIG. 1A) and the FGF21 truncation mutants 1-172, 1-171, 1-169, and 1-164 (FIG. 1B). The luminescence obtained in ELK-luciferase assays for each of the FGF21 truncation mutants 3-181, 4-181, 5-181, 7-181, 8-181, 1-180, 1-178, 1-177, 1-176, 1-175, 1-174, 1-173, 1-172, 9-181, and 1-149 is shown in FIG. 2.

FGF21 mutant polypeptides were compared with a wild-type FGF21 standard and mutants showing an efficacy of at least 50% of the efficacy of wild-type FGF21 were considered as having not lost FGF21 activity and were assigned a “+” in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Truncated FGF21 Proteins: in vitro Assay Amino Acid Residues Efficacy Activity (+/−) C-terminus Truncations 1-180  93.2% + 1-178  95.0% + 1-177 112.0% + 1-176 104.8% + 1-174 104.6% + 1-173  96.1% + 1-172  97.5% + 1-171 113.0% + 1-169  84.9% + 1-167   20% − 1-166   20% − 1-165   10% − N-terminus Truncations 2-181 112.5% + 3-181 130.3% + 4-181 117.0% + 5-181 119.6% + 7-181  74.2% + 8-181  24.9% − 9-181  12.5% −

Collectively, the results presented in Table 5 indicate that C-terminal deletions of 14 or more amino acid residues (i.e., a C-terminally truncated FGF21 protein consisting of amino acid residues 1-167 and shorter proteins) eliminate the activity of FGF21. In addition, Table 14 indicates that N-terminal deletions of 7 or more amino acid residues (i.e., an N-terminally truncated FGF21 protein consisting of amino acid residues 8-181 and shorter proteins) eliminate the activity of FGF21. Not surprisingly, truncated FGF21 proteins possessing both an N-terminal truncation of 8 to 14 residues and a C-terminal truncation of 12 or 32 residues were found to lack activity in ELK-luciferase assays.

Consistent with the data presented in Table 14, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having N-terminal truncations of fewer than 7 amino acid residues constitute embodiments of the present invention. Similarly, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having C-terminal truncations of fewer than 13 amino acid residues constitute embodiments of the present invention.

Example 5 In Vivo Activity of Truncated FGF21 Proteins

FGF21 possesses a number of biological activities, including the ability to lower blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels; reduce body weight; or improve glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, or insulin sensitivity. Truncated FGF21 polypeptides were further analyzed for in vivo FGF21 activity, by introducing the truncated FGF21 polypeptides into insulin resistant ob/ob mice, and measuring the ability of a particular truncated FGF21 polypeptide to lower blood glucose. The truncated FGF21 polypeptide to be tested was injected intraperitoneally into an 8 week old ob/ob mouse (Jackson Laboratory), and blood samples were obtained at various time points following a single injection, e.g., 0, 6, 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours after injection. Blood glucose levels were measured with a OneTouch Glucometer (LifeScan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.), and the results expressed as a percent change of blood glucose relative to the baseline level of blood glucose (i.e., at time 0).

The results of one experiment are provided in FIG. 3, which shows the amount of blood glucose detected in mice injected with the FGF21 truncation mutants 8-181 and 9-181. This experiment demonstrated that truncated FGF21 fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 8-181 exhibit blood glucose lowering activity in vivo however the activity is slightly less than the activity of wild-type FGF21 at 3 and 6 hours after injection, but that truncated FGF21 fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 9-181 do not exhibit such activity. Thus, the in vivo analysis of truncated FGF21 polypeptides indicated that the deletion of up to 7 amino acids from the N-terminus of mature FGF21 does not abolish the molecule's biological activity (in contrast with the in vitro analysis, which suggested that the deletion of 7 amino acids from the N-terminus of mature FGF21 would abolish activity).

The differing results obtained with particular N-terminally truncated FGF21 polypeptides (e.g., FGF21 8-181) in in vitro and in vivo assays can be explained by the interaction of FGF21 with β-Klotho and FGF receptor in effecting signal transduction. In particular, FGF21 activates a dual receptor complex comprising the co-receptor β-Klotho and FGF receptor (FGFR), which initiates a signaling cascade involving tyrosine kinase. The N-terminus of FGF21 has been shown to be involved in binding and activation of FGFR while the C-terminus of FGF21 is required for β-Klotho interaction (Yie et al., 2009 FEBS Lett. 583:19-24). The ELK-luciferase in vitro assay is performed in 293 kidney cells in which the co-receptor β-Klotho is overexpressed and FGFR is expressed at normal levels. The amount of FGFR is low relative to that of β-Klotho and the ratio of β-Klotho to FGFR in 293 cells is therefore non-physiological, which may affect receptor complex formation and ultimately ligand binding and activation of FGFR. The 293 in vitro system appears to be more vulnerable to N-terminally truncated FGF21 polypeptides and therefore may have produced loss of activity results for a few of the N-terminally truncated mutants tested, such as FGF21 8-181. Thus, in determining whether a particular N-terminally truncated FGF21 mutant retained wild-type FGF21 activity, the activity of that FGF21 mutant in the in vivo assay was considered to be dispositive. Accordingly, truncated FGF21 polypeptides having N-terminal truncations of fewer than 8 amino acid residues are encompassed by the invention.

Example 6 Preparation and Expression of Truncated FGF21 Fusion Proteins

Because the half-life of a protein can be increased by fusing the protein to an Fc sequence, fusion proteins comprising truncated FGF21 polypeptides were prepared and analyzed. The truncated FGF21 fusion proteins listed in Table 15 were prepared from amplified FGF21 sequences by SOEing (gene splicing by overlap extension) PCR. FGF21 fusion proteins were prepared such that the Fc portion of the human immunoglobulin IgG1 gene (SEQ ID NO:11) was fused to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the FGF21 protein.

TABLE 15 Truncated FGF21 Fusion Proteins Amino Acid Residues Fc Position Linker C-terminus Truncations 1-178 —NH₂ 15 1-175 —NH₂ 15 1-175 —COOH 15 1-171 —NH₂ 15 1-171 —COOH 15 1-170 —COOH 15 N-terminus Truncations 5-181 —NH₂ 15 5-181 —COOH 15 7-181 —NH₂ 15 7-181 —COOH 15 C- and N-terminus Truncations 5-175 —NH₂ 15 5-175 —COOH 15 5-171 —NH₂ 15 5-171 —COOH 15 6-170 —COOH 15 7-178 —COOH 35 7-175 —NH₂ 15 7-175 —COOH 15 7-174 —COOH 35 7-172 —COOH 35 7-171 —NH₂ 15 7-171 —COOH 35 7-171 —COOH 15

In particular, FGF21 fusion protein constructs (including those encoding truncated FGF21 fusion proteins) were prepared in a series of three amplification reactions using essentially the reaction conditions described in Example 1. In the first reaction, a pair of primers was designed to produce a sequence containing an NdeI cloning site (including an N-terminal methionine for bacterial expression), Fc region, and linker sequence. In the second reaction, a pair of primers was designed to produce a sequence containing an overlapping portion of the linker, a portion of the FGF21 coding sequence, and an EcoRI cloning site. Finally, in the third reaction, a pair of primers was designed for the purpose of linking the products of the first two reactions. An exemplary set of primers for the construction of Fc-FGF21 1-181 is listed in Table 16.

TABLE 16 PCR Primers for Preparing Exemplary FGF21  Fusion Protein Construct SEQ Primer Sequence ID NO: Reaction 1 Sense 5′-AGGAGGAATAACATATGGACAAAACTCACACATG-3′ 19 Antisense 5′-GGATCCACCACCACCGCTACCAC-3′ 20 Reaction 2 Sense 5′-GGTGGTGGTGGATCCCATCCAATTCCAGATTCTTCTCCA-3′ 21 Antisense 5′-TAGTGAGCTCGAATTCTTAGGAAGCGTAGCTGG-3′ 22 Reaction 3 Sense 5′-AGGAGGAATAACATATGGACAAAACTCACACATG-3′ 19 Antisense 5′-TAGTGAGCTCGAATTCTTAGGAAGCGTAGCTGG-3′ 22

The product of the final reaction was digested with the restriction endonucleases NdeI and EcoRI, ligated into the pET30 vector, and then transformed into competent cells. The resulting clones were sequenced to confirm the absence of polymerase-generated errors.

Example 7 In Vivo Activity of Truncated FGF21 Fusion Proteins

Fusion proteins comprising a truncated FGF21 sequence fused to an Fc sequence were generated and assayed for in vivo activity. Truncated FGF21 fusion proteins were prepared by fusing an IgG1 Fc molecule to either the N-terminal or C-terminal end of a truncated FGF21 protein to form a single contiguous sequence. To distinguish between N-terminal and C-terminal fusions, FGF21 fusion proteins in which the Fc molecule was fused to the N-terminal end of the FGF21 protein are designated as Fc-FGF21, and fusion proteins in which the Fc molecule was fused to the C-terminal end of the FGF21 protein are designated as FGF21-Fc.

FGF21 possesses a number of biological activities, including the ability to lower blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels; reduce body weight; or improve glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, or insulin sensitivity. To assess in vivo FGF21 activity, FGF21 polypeptides, FGF21 mutant polypeptides, and FGF21 fusion polypeptides were introduced into insulin resistant ob/ob mice, and the ability of a particular FGF21 protein to lower blood glucose levels was measured. The FGF21 polypeptide, FGF21 mutant polypeptide, or FGF21 fusion polypeptide to be tested was injected intraperitoneally into 8 week old ob/ob mice (Jackson Laboratory), and blood samples were obtained at various time points following a single injection, e.g., 0, 6, 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours after injection. Blood glucose levels were measured with a OneTouch Glucometer (LifeScan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.), and the results expressed as a percent change of blood glucose relative to the baseline level of blood glucose (i.e., at time 0).

The results of one experiment are provided in FIG. 4, which shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in mice injected with a PBS control, a wild-type Fc-FGF21 control comprising amino acid residues 1-181, or truncated Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 5-181 or 7-181. This experiment demonstrated that truncated Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 5-181 or 7-181 exhibit blood glucose lowering activity that is similar to the activity of wild-type Fc-FGF21 at 6 hours after injection. Thus, the in vivo analysis of truncated FGF21 polypeptides indicated that the deletion of up to 6 amino acids from the N-terminus of mature FGF21 does not affect the molecule's biological activity. In vivo analysis also indicated, however, that the ability of truncated FGF21 polypeptides to lower blood glucose was reduced and that blood glucose levels returned to baseline at 24 hours after injection (similar results were obtained with wild-type FGF21). The short in vivo activity was found to be a result of the proteolytic degradation of FGF21, as described in Example 8.

The results of another experiment are provided in FIG. 5, which shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in mice injected with a PBS control, a wild-type FGF21-Fc control comprising amino acid residues 1-181, a truncated FGF21-Fc fusion protein comprising residues 1-175, or a truncated Fc-FGF21 protein comprising amino acid residues 1-171. This experiment demonstrates that the wild-type FGF21-Fc comprising amino acid residues 1-181 has a sustained glucose-lowering activity resulting in a reduction of blood glucose levels of approximately 30% over the time period of 24 hours to 120 hours following injection. The truncated Fc-FGF21 protein comprising amino acid residues 1-171 exhibits delayed blood glucose lowering activity evident only at 72 hours after injection. However, the activity observed is the same as the activity of wild-type FGF21-Fc. The truncated FGF21-Fc fusion protein comprising residues 1-175 is not active in vivo in lowering blood glucose.

Collectively, the truncation experiments described herein demonstrate that truncated FGF21 fusion proteins having an N-terminal truncation exhibit blood glucose lowering activity that is similar to that of the wild-type FGF21 fusion protein, and further, that truncated FGF21 fusion proteins in which the Fc molecule has been fused to the N-terminal end of the truncated FGF21 protein exhibit more activity than fusion proteins in which the Fc molecule has been fused to the C-terminal end of the truncated FGF21 protein.

Example 8 Observed In Vivo Degradation of FGF21

FGF21 degradation was first observed with FGF21 Fc fusion protein constructs as described in Example 7. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that human FGF21 has a short half-life of about 1 hour in mice due to rapid clearance and in vivo degradation. Therefore, to extend the half-life of FGF21 an Fc sequence was fused to the N- or C-terminal end of the FGF21 polypeptide. However, the fusion of an Fc region did not completely resolve the half-life issue since fusion proteins in which an Fc sequence was fused to the N- or C-terminal end of the FGF21 polypeptide (and in particular Fc-FGF21 fusions, i.e., in which the Fc sequence is fused to the N-terminus of mature FGF21), did not exhibit the expected in vivo efficacy, and instead were found to maintain blood glucose lowering activity for no more than 24 hours in ob/ob mice. As described in FIG. 4, Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins reduced blood glucose levels by about 30-40% at 6 hours after injection, while the blood glucose levels returned to baseline levels at 24 hours.

The proteolytic degradation of wild-type FGF21 was subsequently investigated, and the rapid loss of in vivo activity with Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins was found to be the result of in vivo degradation of FGF21. Proteolytic degradation leads to decreased biological activity of the molecule in vivo and thus a shorter effective half-life, and such degradation adversely impacts the therapeutic use of that molecule. Accordingly, the observed degradation of FGF21 Fc fusion proteins led to the investigation of the proteolytic degradation of FGF21 in vivo and to identify FGF21 mutants that were resistant to such degradation.

To determine the sites of degradation, LC-MS analysis and Edman sequencing was performed on wild-type human FGF21 and FGF21 Fc fusion proteins obtained at various time points after injection into male C57B6 mice. The Edman sequencing helped confirm whether the N-terminal or C-terminal end of the protein was undergoing degradation. When an Fc sequence was fused to the N-terminus of human FGF21, degradation was found to occur at the peptide bond between amino acid residues 151 and 152 and between amino acid residues 171 and 172 of the human FGF21 portion of the fusion molecule (the residue numbering above is based on the mature FGF21 sequence and does not include the Fc portion of the fusion protein). The degradation at 171-172 was found to occur first, and was followed by degradation at 151-152. Degradation at 171-172 appears to be the rate-limiting step and plays a role in the half-life of the molecule. When an Fc sequence was fused to the C-terminus of FGF21, degradation was found to occur at the peptide bond between amino acid residues 4 and 5 and between amino acid residues 20 and 21. As a result of these experiments, it was determined that the Fc sequence appears to protect the portion of the FGF21 sequence that is adjacent to the Fc sequence from degradation. An analysis of the in vivo degradation of wild-type FGF21 and Fc-FGF21 fusion proteins was further conducted in cynomolgus monkeys. These studies confirmed that the cleavage site of FGF21 at amino acid residues 171-172 is the major site of degradation in monkeys and that this site of degradation is conserved between murine and primate.

Example 9 Identification of FGF21 Proteolysis-Resistant Mutants

Suitable FGF21 mutants were identified by experimentally determining the positions of the wild-type FGF21 sequence that are sites of major proteolytic activity, and specific amino acid substitutions were introduced at these sites. Amino acid substitutions were based on FGF21 sequence conservation with other species (as described in Example 8) and biochemical conservation with other amino acid residues. A list of amino acid substitutions that were or can be introduced into the wild-type FGF21 protein is provided in Table 17, although Table 17 is only exemplary and other substitutions can be made. The numbers of the positions given in Table 17 correspond to the residue position in the mature FGF21 protein, which consists of 181 amino acid residues.

TABLE 17 FGF21 Residues Mutated Native Amino Acid Position Residue Mutations 19 Arg Gln, Ile, Lys 20 Tyr His, Leu, Phe 21 Leu Ile, Phe, Tyr, Val 22 Tyr Ile, Phe, Val 150 Pro Ala, Arg 151 Gly Ala, Val 152 Ile His, Leu, Phe, Val 170 Gly Ala, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, Pro, Ser 171 Pro Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gln, Gly, His, Lys, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr 172 Ser Leu, Thr 173 Gln Arg, Glu

Example 10 In Vivo Analysis of Fc-FGF21 and FGF21-Fc Degradation

The stability of FGF21 Fc fusion proteins in vivo was determined by injecting mice with a fusion protein, drawing blood from the mice at various time points, and analyzing the serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In particular, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of Fc-(G5)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:107) (expressed in E. coli and purified as described in Example 2) or FGF21-(G3)-Fc (SEQ ID NO:105) (expressed in mammalian cells and purified according to standard procedures). Blood was drawn from the mice at 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection (Table 18) and collected into EDTA tubes pretreated with protease inhibitor cocktails (Roche Diagnostics). Plasma was separated by centrifuging the samples at 12,000×g for 10 minutes. FGF21 proteins were affinity purified from blood using an anti-human-Fc agarose resin.

TABLE 18 FGF21 Samples Sample Protein Administered Blood Withdrawn D6 Fc-(G5)-FGF21  6 hours D24 Fc-(G5)-FGF21 24 hours D48 Fc-(G5)-FGF21 48 hours E6 FGF21-(G3)-Fc  6 hours E24 FGF21-(G3)-Fc 24 hours E48 FGF21-(G3)-Fc 48 hours

Prior to analyzing the affinity purified samples by LC-MS, Fc-(G5)-FGF21 and FGF21-(G3)-Fc protein standards were analyzed as a reference. Protein standards were either reduced with tris[2-carboxyethyl]phosphine (TCEP) or not reduced. Reduced and non-reduced standards were analyzed by LC-MS using an ACE cyano 0.3 mm×30 cm column with the column effluent spraying into an LCQ Classic ion-trap mass spectrometer. Since the deconvoluted spectra of the reduced samples were cleaner, the affinity purified samples were reduced prior to LC-MS analysis.

The observed masses for the reduced Fc-(G5)-FGF21 standard and samples D6, D24, and D48 are shown in FIGS. 6A-6D. The observed masses for the reduced FGF21-(G3)-Fc standard and samples E6, E24, and E48 are shown in FIGS. 7A-7D. Some of the standard and sample eluates were subjected to Edman sequencing in order to confirm the N-terminus of the proteins and the fragments as determined by LC-MS. Results of the LC-MS analysis of the standards and samples are provided in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Results of LC-MS Analysis and Predicted Fragments Intact N- FGF21 Sample Major Observed Masses Fragment terminus? Fc-(G5)-FGF21 45,339 Da 1-414 Yes standard D6 45,338 Da 1-414 Yes 44,317 Da 1-404 D24 44,321 Da 1-404 Yes D48 44,327 Da 1-404 Yes 42,356 Da ? FGF21-(G3)-Fc 46,408 Da (glycosylated, 1-410 Yes standard G0F) 44,964 Da (non-glycosylated) 1-410 E6 45,963 Da (glycosylated, 5-410 No G0F) 44,516 Da (non-glycoylated) 5-410 E24 45,963 Da (glycosylated, 5-410 No G0F) 44,526 Da (non-glycosylated) 5-410 44,130 Da (glycosylated, 21-410  G0F) E48 45,984 Da  5-410? No 44,130 Da 21-410  44,022 Da ?

As indicated in Table 19, all of the affinity purified samples showed some degree of degradation after only 6 hours of circulation. After 24 hours of circulation, the major product of Fc-(G5)-FGF21 was a fragment consisting of amino acid residues 1-404, which was seen in both the D and E samples. In the E samples, however, the major product of FGF21-(G3)-Fc was a fragment consisting of amino acid residues 5-410. For both of the fusion proteins tested, the FGF21 portion of the fusion protein was more susceptible to degradation than the Fc portion of the protein.

Example 11 Preparation and Expression of Proteolysis-Resistant FGF21 Mutants and Fusion Proteins

Constructs encoding the FGF21 mutants listed in Table 20 were prepared by PCR amplification of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector as described below (the construction of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector is described in Example 1). When a linker was included in the construct, the linker used was GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (“L15,” SEQ ID NO: 28), The goal of these experiments was to generate FGF21 mutants that are resistant to proteolysis and exhibit longer half-lives.

TABLE 20 Proteolysis-Resistant FGF21 Mutants Mutation(s) Fc Linker R19I R19I —COOH L15 R19K R19K —COOH L15 R19Q R19Q —COOH L15 R19K, Y20H R19K, Y20H —COOH L15 R19K, L21I R19K, L21I —COOH L15 R19K, Y20H, L21I R19K, Y20H, L21I —COOH L15 Y20F Y20F —COOH L15 Y20H Y20H —COOH L15 Y20L Y20L —COOH L15 Y20H, L21I Y20H, L21I —COOH L15 L21I L21I —COOH L15 L21F L21F —COOH L15 L21V L21V —COOH L15 L21Y L21Y —COOH L15 Y22F Y22F —COOH L15 Y22I Y22I —COOH L15 Y22V Y22V —COOH L15 P150A P150A —NH₂ L15 P150R —NH₂ L15 P150A, G151A P150A, G151A —NH₂ L15 P150A, I152V P150A, I152V —NH₂ L15 P150A, G151A, I152V P150A, G151A, I152V —NH₂ L15 G151A G151A —NH₂ L15 G151V G151V —NH₂ L15 G151A, I152V G151A, I152V —NH₂ L15 I152F I152F —NH₂ L15 I152H I152H —NH₂ L15 I152L I152L —NH₂ L15 I152V G170A G170A —NH₂ L15 G170C G170C —NH₂ L15 G170D G170D —NH₂ L15 G170E G170E —NH₂ L15 G170N G170N —NH₂ L15 G170P G170P —NH₂ L15 G170Q G170Q —NH₂ L15 G170S G170S —NH₂ L15 G170E, P171A G170E, P171A —NH₂ L15 G170E, S172L G170E, S172L —NH₂ L15 G170E, P171A, S172L G170E, P171A, S172L —NH₂ L15 P171A P171A —NH₂ L15 P171C —NH₂ L15 P171D —NH₂ L15 P171E —NH₂ L15 P171G —NH₂ L15 P171H —NH₂ L15 P171K —NH₂ L15 P171N —NH₂ L15 P171Q —NH₂ L15 P171S —NH₂ L15 P171T —NH₂ L15 P171W —NH₂ L15 P171Y —NH₂ L15 P171A, S172L P171A, S172L —NH₂ L15 S172L —NH₂ L15 S172T S172T —NH₂ L15 Q173E Q173E —NH₂ L15 Q173R Q173R —NH₂ L15

FGF21 mutant constructs were prepared using primers having sequences that are homologous to regions upstream and downstream of a codon (or codons) to be mutated. The primers used in such amplification reactions also provided approximately 15 nucleotides of overlapping sequence to allow for recircularization of the amplified product, namely the entire vector now having the desired mutant.

An exemplary FGF21 mutant construct, encoding an FGF21 mutant having a glutamic acid residue at position 170 instead of the native glycine residue (i.e., the G170E mutant), was prepared using the primers shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21 PCR Primers for Preparing Exemplary FGF21 Mutant SEQ ID Primer Sequence NO: Sense 5′-ATGGTGGAACCTTCCCAGGGCCGAAGC-3′ 23 Anti- 5′-GGAAGGTTCCACCATGCTCAGAGGGTCCGA-3′ 24 sense

The primers shown in Table 21 allow for the substitution of the glycine residue with a glutamic acid residue as shown below, wherein the upper sequence is the sense primer (SEQ ID NO:23), the second and third sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 27) are portions of an FGF21 expression construct, and the fourth sequence is the antisense primer (SEQ ID NO:26):

                5′-ATGGTGG A ACCTTCCCAGGGCCGAAGC CTCCTCGGACCCTCTGAGCATGGTG GGA CCTTCCCAGGGCCGAAGCCCCA GAGGAGCCTGGGAGACTCGTACCAC CCT GGAAGGGTCCCGGCTTCGGGGT     AGCCTGGGAGACTCGTACCACC T TGGAAGG-5′

FGF21 mutant constructs were prepared using essentially the PCR conditions described in Example 1. Amplification products were digested with the restriction endonuclease DpnI, and then transformed into competent cells. The resulting clones were sequenced to confirm the absence of polymerase-generated errors. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 and FGF21-(L15)-Fc fusion proteins were generated as described herein, e.g., in Example 6.

FGF21 mutants were expressed by transforming competent BL21 (DE3) or BL21 Star (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, Calif.) cells with the construct encoding a particular mutant. Transformants were grown overnight with limited aeration in TB media supplemented with 40 μg/mL kanamycin, were aerated the next morning, and after a short recovery period, were induced in 0.4 mM IPTG. FGF21 mutant polypeptides were harvested by centrifugation 18-20 hours after induction.

FGF21 mutants were also analyzed for predicted immunogenicity. Immune responses against proteins are enhanced by antigen processing and presentation in the major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II binding site. This interaction is required for T cell help in maturation of antibodies that recognize the protein. Since the binding sites of MHC class II molecules have been characterized, it is possible to predict whether proteins have specific sequences that can bind to a series of common human alleles. Computer algorithms have been created based on literature references and MHC class II crystal structures to determine whether linear amino acid peptide sequences have the potential to break immune tolerance. The TEPITOPE computer program was used to determine if point mutations in particular FGF21 mutants would increase antigen specific T cells in a majority of humans. Based on an analysis of the linear protein sequence of each FGF21 mutant, none of the mutants was predicted to enhance immunogenicity.

Example 12 Impact of Linker Sequence on FGF21 Degradation

To determine whether the presence of a longer amino acid linker between the Fc sequence and the FGF21 sequence affects FGF21 degradation, mice were injected with FGF21 fusion proteins in which the Fc region was separated from the FGF21 sequence by a 15 amino acid linker having the sequence GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (designated “L15,” SEQ ID NO:28), blood was withdrawn from the mice at various time points, and the serum was analyzed by LC-MS. In particular, mice were injected with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 or FGF21-(L15)-Fc (obtained from E. coli) at 23 mg/kg, blood was drawn at 6, 24, and 48 hours, and drawn blood was affinity purified using an anti-human-Fc agarose resin.

Prior to analyzing the purified samples by LC-MS, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 and FGF21-(L15)-Fc protein standards were analyzed as a reference. Protein standards were either reduced with TCEP or not reduced. Both reduced and non-reduced standards were analyzed by LC-MS using an ACE cyano 0.3 mm×30 cm column with the column effluent spraying into an LCQ Classic ion-trap mass spectrometer. Since the deconvoluted spectra of the reduced samples were cleaner, the affinity purified samples were reduced prior to LC-MS analysis.

The observed masses for the reduced Fc-(L15)-FGF21 standard and corresponding affinity purified samples withdrawn at various time points are shown in FIGS. 8A-8D. The observed masses for the reduced FGF21-(L15)-Fc standard and corresponding affinity purified samples withdrawn at various time points are shown in FIGS. 9A-9D. Some of the standard and sample eluates were subjected to Edman sequencing in order to confirm the N-terminus of the proteins and assist in predicting the identity of the fragments observed by LC-MS. Results of the LC-MS analysis of the standards and samples and an indication of predicted fragments are provided in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Results of LC-MS Analysis and Predicted Fragments Major Observed Percent Intact FGF21 Sample Masses of Total Fragment N-terminus? Fc-(L15)-FGF21 46,002 Da 100% 1-424 Yes standard Fc(L15)FGF21 46,000 Da 65% 1-424 Yes 6 hours 44,978 Da 35% 1-414 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 44,978 Da 85% 1-414 Yes 24 hours 43,022 Da 15% 1-394 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 44,976 Da 60% 1-414 Yes 48 hours 43,019 Da 40% 1-394 FGF21-(L15)-Fc 45,999 Da 100% 1-424 Yes Standard FGF21-(L15)-Fc 45,870 Da 100% 1-423 Yes 6 hours FGF21-(L15)-Fc 45,869 Da 40% 1-423 Some 24 hours 45,301 Da 35% 6-423 43,460 Da 25% 22-423  FGF21-(L15)-Fc 45,870 Da 15% 1-423 Some 48 hours 45,297 Da 20% 6-423 43,461 Da 65% 22-423 

As indicated in Table 13, all of the affinity purified samples showed some degree of degradation after only 6 hours of circulation. After 24 hours of circulation, the major products of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 were fragments consisting of amino acid residues 1-414 (85% of sample) and 1-394 (15% of sample), and the major products of FGF21(15)Fc were fragments consisting of amino acid residues 1-423 (40% of sample), 6-423 (35% of sample), and 22-423 (25% of sample). Identified cleavage points for the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 and FGF21-(L15)-Fc proteins are shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, respectively.

Example 13 In Vivo Activity of Proteolysis-Resistant Fc-(L15)-FGF21 Mutants at 1-7 Days after Injection

As described herein, proteolytic cleavage of FGF21 Fc fusion proteins depends upon the orientation of the Fc sequence, with the Fc end of the fusion protein being more stable than the FGF21 end of the fusion protein (i.e., the N-terminal portion of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 fusion proteins and the C-terminal portion of FGF21-(L15)-Fc fusion proteins were found to be more stable). For example, cleavage was identified at positions 5 and 21 of FGF21-(L15)Fc and positions 151 and 171 of Fc-(L15)-FGF21.

As a result of these observations, an investigation was performed to identify proteolysis-resistant FGF21 mutants. LC-MS analysis of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 demonstrates that in vivo proteolytic degradation first occurs between amino acid residues 171-172, followed by degradation between amino acid residues 151-152. By blocking proteolytic degradation at position 171, the cleavage at position 151 can be prevented, effectively extending the half-life of the molecule. However, proteolysis-resistant mutants in which cleavage is prevented at position 151 can still possess residues at position 171 that are susceptible to protease attack, thereby resulting in a molecule missing the last 10 amino acids, which are known to be involved in the binding of the co-receptor β-Klotho, which is a determinant of ligand receptor affinity and in vitro and in vivo potency. Therefore, the mutagenesis of amino acid residues surrounding position 171 in mature FGF21 appear to be more critical for improving the in vivo stability, potency, and efficacy of the molecule.

The in vivo activity of particular proteolysis-resistant Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants was assayed by intraperitoneally injecting ob/ob mice with an FGF21 mutant, drawing blood samples from injected mice at 0, 0.25, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after injection, and then measuring blood glucose levels in the samples. The results of one experiment are provided in FIG. 11, which shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with a PBS control, an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:49) control, or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A (SEQ ID NO:53), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L (SEQ ID NO:55), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, P171A, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:59), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G151A (SEQ ID NO:61). FIG. 12 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels as determined in this experiment. This experiment demonstrates that the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L, and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, P171A, S172L) mutants exhibit sustained blood glucose lowering activity for up to 5 days, which is superior to the activity of wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21. The Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G151A mutant only partially improved the duration of blood glucose lowering activity as compared with wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 fusion protein. Surprisingly, although the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L mutant is not a proteolysis-resistant mutant, and therefore has similar degradation profile as the wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 polypeptide, this mutant was found to exhibit improved in vivo efficacy as compared with the wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 polypeptide.

The results of another experiment are provided in FIG. 13, which shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with a PBS control, an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 control, or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (P150A, G151A, I152V) (SEQ ID NO:65), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, P171A) (SEQ ID NO:63), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, S172L) (SEQ ID NO:67). FIG. 14 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels as determined in this experiment. As in the experiment described above, the wild-type Fc-FGF21 fusion protein and the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (P150A, G151A, I152V) mutant do not exhibit sustained blood glucose lowering activity, possibly because the degradation at 171 site could still occur, and blood glucose levels in animals injected with these proteins returned to baseline at 24 hours after injection. However, the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, P171A), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (G170E, S172L) exhibit maximal blood glucose lowering activity up to 5 days after injection, which is superior to the wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 fusion protein and the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (P150A, G151A, I152V) mutant.

The results of another experiment are provided in FIG. 15, which shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with a PBS control or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170A (SEQ ID NO:69), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170C (SEQ ID NO:71), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170D (SEQ ID NO:73), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170N (SEQ ID NO:75), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170S (SEQ ID NO:77). FIG. 16 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels as determined in this experiment. All of the FGF21 mutants tested in this experiment exhibited sustained blood glucose lowering activity for up to 5 days after injection.

The results of another experiment are provided in FIG. 17, which shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with PBS or the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E (SEQ ID NO:51), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E (SEQ ID NO:79), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171H (SEQ ID NO:81), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Q (SEQ ID NO:83), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171T (SEQ ID NO:85), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Y (SEQ ID NO:87). FIG. 18 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels as determined in this experiment. All of the FGF21 mutants tested in this experiment exhibited improved blood glucose lowering activity when compared with wild-type Fc-FGF21.

Example 14 In Vivo Degradation of Proteolysis-Resistant Fc-(L15)-FGF21 Mutants at 6 to 120 Hours after Injection

The in vivo stability of selected FGF21 mutants was analyzed by injecting mice with an FGF21 mutant, drawing blood from the mice at various time points, and analyzing the serum by LC-MS. In particular, mice were injected with either the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A, or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L mutants (obtained from E. coli as described in Example 2), each of which were diluted in approximately 180 μL of 10 mM HCl prior to injection, and blood was drawn at 6, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours. FGF21 proteins were affinity purified from the drawn blood using an anti-human-Fc agarose resin column. Samples were eluted from the column using 10 mM HCl. All of the FGF21 constructs comprise an Fc region and 15 amino acid linker at the amino-terminal end of the FGF21 protein. Mice were also injected with a wild-type FGF21 control.

Prior to analyzing the affinity purified samples by LC-MS, unprocessed wild-type FGF21 and unprocessed FGF21 mutants were analyzed as a reference. All standards and time point samples were reduced with TCEP, and then analyzed by LC-MS using an ACE cyano 0.3 mm×30 cm column with the column effluent spraying into an LCQ Classic ion-trap mass spectrometer. Affinity purified samples were diluted with ammonium acetate, reduced with TCEP, and then analyzed by LC-MS as described above.

The observed masses for wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection are shown in FIGS. 19A-19D, respectively. The observed masses for Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection are shown in FIGS. 20A-20D, respectively. The observed masses for Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection are shown in FIGS. 21A-21D, respectively. The observed masses for Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection are shown in FIGS. 22A-22D, respectively.

All of the samples drawn at 72 and 120 hours were found to contain a high molecular weight (>200 kDa by non-reducing SDS-PAGE) component of fibrinogen that is much more abundant than the remaining Fc-(L15)-FGF21 fusion protein. Results of the LC-MS analysis of the other standards and samples are provided in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Results of LC-MS Analysis and Predicted Fragments Major Observed Percent FGF21 Sample Masses of Total Fragment Edman Fc-(L15)-FGF21 WT 45,994 Da 100% 1-424 — Standard Fc-(L15)-FGF21 WT 46,001 Da 80% 1-424 No 6 hours 44,987 Da 20% 1-414 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 WT 44,979 Da ~100% 1-414 No 24 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 WT 44,980 Da ~100% 1-414 — 48 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E 46,068 Da 100% 1-424 — Standard Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E 46,078 Da 100% 1-424 No 6 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E 46,074 Da 80% 1-424 No 24 hours 45,761 Da 20% 1-421 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E 46,072 Da ~60% 1-424 No 48 hours 45,760 Da ~40% 1-421 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A 45,970 Da 100% 1-424 — Standard Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A 45,980 Da 100% 1-424 No 6 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A 45,973 Da ~70% 1-424 No 24 hours 45,657 Da ~30% 1-421 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A 45,992 Da ~50% 1-424 No 48 hours 45,673 Da ~50% 1-421 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L 46,022 Da 100% 1-424 — Standard Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L 46,027 Da 100% 1-424 No 6 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L 44,984 Da 100% 1-414 No 24 hours Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L 44,985 Da 100% 1-414 No 48 hours

As indicated in Table 23, the degradation of wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21 and the S172L mutant look similar, in that after 24 hours of circulation, the major product of the fusion protein was a fragment consisting of amino acid residues 1-414. The degradation products of the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A mutants also look similar in that the samples drawn after 24 hours of circulation contain 70-80% intact protein (amino acids 1-424) and 20-30% of a fragment consisting of amino acid residues 1-421. Even after 48 hours, the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A mutants still retain intact protein while showing an increase in the amount of the fragment consisting of amino acid residues 1-421. As observed in prior analyses of Fc-FGF21 constructs, degradation of the FGF21 portion of the fusion protein was detected and the Fc portion was found to remain stable. The cleavage sites identified for wild-type, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A, and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 S172L are shown in FIGS. 23A-23D, respectively.

Example 15 Identification of Aggregation-Reducing FGF21 Mutants

One property of wild-type FGF21 is its propensity to aggregate. In view of this property, it was desired to generate aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants. Aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants were identified on the basis of two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that, with respect to FGF21, aggregation (or dimerization) is triggered by hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions between FGF21 molecules caused by hydrophobic residues that are exposed to hydrophilic water-based solvent environment. The second hypothesis is that these exposed hydrophobic residues can be substituted to create aggregation-reducing point-mutations in the FGF21 amino acid sequence without compromising FGF21 activity.

A systematic rational protein engineering approach was used to identify exposed hydrophobic residues in FGF21. As there were no known X-ray or NMR structures of FGF21 that could be used to identify exposed hydrophobic residues, a high resolution (1.3 Å) X-ray crystal structure of FGF19 (1PWA) obtained from the Protein Databank (PDB) was used to create a 3D homology model of FGF21 using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment; Chemical Computing Group; Montreal, Quebec, Canada) modeling software. FGF19 was chosen as a template, since among the proteins deposited in the PDB, FGF19 is the most closely related protein to FGF21 in terms of the amino acid sequence homology.

Solvent accessibility was calculated by the following method using MOE. A first measure of surface area (SA1) is defined as the area of the residue's accessible surface in Å². While a particular amino acid residue appears in a protein's primary sequence multiple times, each occurrence of the residue can have a different surface area due to differences in, inter alia, the residue's proximity to the protein surface, the orientation of the residue's side-chain, and the spatial position of adjacent amino acid residues. Therefore, a second measure of surface area (SA2) is made wherein the residue of interest is extracted from the protein structure along with that residue's neighboring, or adjacent, residues. These spatially adjacent residues are mutated in silico to glycines to remove their side-chains, and then the SA2 for the residue of interest is calculated, giving a measure of the total possible surface area for that residue in its particular conformation. A ratio of SA1 to SA2 (SA1/SA2) can then give a measure of the percentage of the possible surface area for that residue that is actually exposed.

Several hydrophobic residues that are highly exposed to the solvent were selected for further analysis, and in silico point mutations were made to these residues to replace the selected residue with the other naturally occurring amino acid residues. The changes in protein thermal stability resulting from different substitutions were calculated using the FGF21 model and the interactive web-based program CUPSAT (Cologne University Protein Stability Analysis Tools) according to instructions provided at the CUPSAT website. See Parthiban et al., 2006, Nucleic Acids Res. 34: W239-42; Parthiban et al., 2007, BMC Struct. Biol. 7:54. Significantly destabilizing or hydrophobic mutations were excluded in the design of aggregation-reducing point-mutation FGF21 mutants. Stabilizing (or, in rare cases, slightly destabilizing) substitutions that introduce improved hydrophilic and/or ionic characteristics were considered as candidates for aggregation-reducing FGF21 mutants.

A summary of the data generated through this rational protein engineering approach is provided in Table 24, which also lists exemplary FGF21 mutants expected to have reduced protein aggregation and improved stability.

TABLE 24 Calculated Effect of FGF21 Mutants on Stability Stabilization Residue # WT Residue Mutation (Kcal/mol) 26 A K 1.25 E 1.54 R 2.016 45 A T 0.66 Q 0.71 K 1.8 E 2.34 R 1.59 52 L T −0.33 58 L G 0.16 S −0.15 C 1.0 E 0.08 60 P A 1.3 K 1.51 E 0.66 R 1.31 78 P A 0.14 C 2.48 R 0.08 H 0.13 86 L T 0.18 C 4.1 88 F A 2.52 S 3.08 K 2.88 E 1.48 98 L T 0.49 Q 0.17 K −0.19 C 3.08 E 0.84 R 3.4 99 L C 7.34 E 2.0 D 1.01 R 1.61 111 A T 0.47 K −0.12 129 A Q 3.93 K 1.02 N 3.76 E 3.01 D 3.76 R 1.68 H 2.9 134 A K 5.37 Y 4.32 E 5.13 R 6.18 H 2.86

Example 16 Preparation and Expression of Aggregation-Reducing FGF21 Mutants and Fusion Proteins

Constructs encoding the FGF21 mutants listed in Table 25 were prepared by PCR amplification of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector as described in Example 11 (the construction of the wild-type FGF21 expression vector is described in Example 1). Fusion proteins were generated as described herein, e.g., in Example 6. When a linker was employed it was GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (“L15,” SEQ ID NO:28)

TABLE 25 Aggregation-reducing FGF21 Mutants Mutation(s) Fc Linker A26E A26K A26R A45E A45K A45K —NH₂ L15 A45R —NH₂ L15 A45Q —NH₂ L15 A45T —NH₂ L15 A45K, L98R —NH₂ L15 L52T L58C L58E L58G L58S P60A P60E P60K P60R P78A P78C P78H P78R L86C L86T F88A F88E F88K F88R F88S L98C L98E —NH₂ L15 L98K —NH₂ L15 L98Q —NH₂ L15 L98R L98R —NH₂ L15 L99C L99D L99E L99R A111K —NH₂ L15 A111T A129D A129E —NH₂ L15 A129H —NH₂ L15 A129K A129N —NH₂ L15 A129R —NH₂ L15 A129Q A134E A134H —NH₂ L15 A134K A134Y

The aggregation of various FGF21 proteins, including wild-type FGF21, truncated FGF21 polypeptides, FGF21 mutants, and FGF21 fusion proteins was assayed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). Samples to be analyzed were incubated at 4° C., room temperature, or 37° C. for various time points, and then subjected to SEC analysis. Experiments were performed on a Beckman HPLC system equipped with a SEC column. For wild-type FGF21, a TOSOHAAS TSK-Gel G2000 SEC column was used with 2×PBS containing 2% isopropyl alcohol as the mobile phase. For FGF21 Fc fusion proteins and FGF21 mutant polypeptides, a TOSOHAAS TSK-Gel G3000 SEC column was used with 2×PBS as the mobile phase.

Example 17 In Vitro Activity of Aggregation-Reducing FGF21 Mutants

Experiments were performed to identify aggregation-reducing mutants that retain wild-type FGF21 activity in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay. ELK-luciferase assays were performed as described in Example 4. FIGS. 24A-24C show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the FGF21 mutants FGF21 L99R (SEQ ID NO:109), FGF21 L99D (SEQ ID NO:111), and FGF21 A111T (SEQ ID NO:113) (FIG. 24A); the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A129D (SEQ ID NO:115), FGF21 A129Q (SEQ ID NO:117), and FGF21 A134K (SEQ ID NO:119) (FIG. 24B); and the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A134Y (SEQ ID NO:121), FGF21 A134E (SEQ ID NO:123), and FGF21 A129K (SEQ ID NO:125) (FIG. 24C). The results of these experiments demonstrate that some of the aggregation-reducing mutations did not adversely impact FGF21 activity as assayed in ELK-luciferase assays.

Example 18 Preparation and Expression of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 Combination Mutants Showing Longer Half-Life and Lower Levels of Aggregation

A number of FGF21 combination mutants, containing mutations shown to reduce aggregation as well as to increase half-life by disrupting proteolytic degradation, were prepared and conjugated to IgG1 Fc molecules (SEQ ID NO:11). These FGF21 mutants were prepared essentially as described in Example 11.

Example 19 In Vitro Studies of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 Mutants Showing Longer Half-Life and Lower Levels of Aggregation

Experiments were performed to identify FGF21 combination mutants that retain wild-type FGF21 activity in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay. ELK-luciferase assays were performed as described in Example 4.

FIGS. 25A-25D show the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171G, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171S, and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171T (FIG. 25A); the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171Y, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171W, and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171C (FIG. 25B); Fc-(L15)-FGF21, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E), and FGF21 A45K (FIG. 25C); and Fc-(L15)-FGF21, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E, and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) (FIG. 25D). The results of these experiments demonstrate that mutations aimed at improving stability, or both stability and solubility, did not compromise the in vitro activity as compared with wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21. Interestingly, the FGF21 A45K mutant showed improved potency relative to wild-type Fc-(L15)-FGF21.

FIG. 26A shows the change in percent aggregation for an FGF21 control (WT) and FGF21 A45K following incubation of 65 mg/mL protein at 4° C. for 1, 2, and 4 days. The data indicated that the A45K mutation leads to a decrease in aggregation of the protein, compared to the wild-type protein.

FIG. 26B shows the change in percent aggregation for an FGF21 control (WT) and FGF21 P78C, FGF21 P78R, FGF21 L86T, FGF21 L86C, FGF21 L98C, FGF21 L98R, FGF21 A111T, FGF21 A129D, FGF21 A129Q, FGF21 A129K, FGF21 A134K, FGF21 A134Y, and FGF21 A134E following incubation of 65 mg/mL protein at 4° C. for 1, 6, and 10 days. The data indicated that the FGF21 L86C, FGF21 L98C, FGF21 L98R, FGF21 A111T, FGF21 A129Q, and FGF21 A129K lead to a decrease in aggregation of the protein, compared to the wild-type protein.

FIG. 27 shows the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay performed on a human FGF21 control and the FGF21 mutants FGF21 A45K, FGF21 L52T, and FGF21 L58E. This experiment demonstrates that the FGF21 A45K mutant retains the full efficacy of wild-type FGF21 and exhibits a potency that is even greater than wild-type FGF21. However, the FGF21 L52T, and FGF21 L58E mutants show reduced potency and efficacy as compared with wild-type FGF21.

FIGS. 28A-28B show the change in aggregation levels for the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (6-181, G170E), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171A, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E, and an FGF21 control following incubation at 4° C. for 1, 4, and 8 days. This experiment demonstrates that over the 8 day period, the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) mutant showed less aggregation than did the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 G170E or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 P171E mutants, but all three mutants showed less aggregation than did the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 control. Table 26 shows the percent aggregation obtained for an Fc-(L15)-FGF21 control and the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E) mutant following incubation at 4° C. or room temperature for 0, 2, 3, 4, or 7 days.

TABLE 26 Percent Aggregation for Fc-FGF21 and Fc-FGF21 Mutant Day Day Sample Day 0 2 Day 3 4 Day 7 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 WT 4° C. 1.12 1.71 1.89 2.14 2.32 32 mg/mL RT 1.12 6.09 7.94 9.57 12.59 Fc-(L15)-FGF21 4° C. 0.45 0.77 0.88 1.03 1.24 (A45K, G170E) 33 mg/mL RT 0.45 3.86 5.22 6.62 8.60

Example 20 Preparation and Expression of Fc-FGF21 Fusion Combination Mutants

As described above, the stability and solubility of FGF21 can be modulated through the introduction of specific truncations and amino acid substitutions. In addition, FGF21 stability can be further enhanced by fusing such modified FGF21 proteins with the Fc portion of the human immunoglobulin IgG1 gene. Moreover, by introducing combinations of the above modifications, FGF21 molecules having both enhanced stability and solubility can be generated. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the FGF21 combination mutants listed in Table 27 were prepared using the techniques described above. The linker employed was the L15 linker, GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:28).

TABLE 27 FGF21 Combination Mutants Amino Acid Proteolysis Aggregation Residues Mutation Mutation Fc Linker 1-181 G170E A45K —NH₂ L15 1-181 G170E L98R —NH₂ L15 1-181 G170E A45K, L98R —NH₂ L15 1-181 P171G A45K —NH₂ L15 1-181 P171S A45K —NH₂ L15 1-181 P171G L98R —NH₂ L15 1-181 P171S L98R —NH₂ L15 1-181 P171G A45K, L98R —NH₂ L15 1-178 G170E —NH₂ L15 6-181 G170E —NH₂ L15 6-181 G170E A45K —NH₂ L15 6-181 G170E L98R —NH₂ L15 6-181 P171G —NH₂ L15 6-181 P171G L98R —NH₂ L15 7-181 G170E —NH₂ L15

FIG. 29 shows the blood glucose levels measured in mice injected with the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 combination mutants Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, G170E), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (A45K, P171G), or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G).

In another experiment the FGF21 mutant Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was studied side-by-side with wild-type mature FGF21 and Fc-FGF21. In one experiment, a recombinant 293T cell line was cultured in the presence of different concentrations of FGF21, Fc-(L15)-FGF21, or Fc-(L15) FGF21 (L98R, P171G) for 6 hours. Cell lysates were then assayed for luciferase activity. As shown in FIG. 30, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) had similar activity to Fc-(L15)-FGF21, indicating that the introduction of the two point mutations didn't alter the molecule's in vitro activity.

In yet another experiment, the stability of the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) at 65 mg/mL was evaluated for nine days at two different temperatures, namely room temperature and 4° C., side-by-side with FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21. After the incubation period cell lysates were then analyzed with SEC-HPLC to determine an aggregation versus time profile at various temperatures. The data shown in FIGS. 31A and 31B indicate that the rate of aggregation formation was significantly reduced in the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) at room temperature (solid triangles, dotted line in FIG. 31A) and at 4° C. (solid triangles, dotted line in FIG. 31B).

Example 21 Proteolysis-Resistant FGF21 Mutants Comprising C-Terminal Mutations

The in vivo stability of combination mutants was also studied. Specifically, the in vivo stability of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was compared with the stability of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 in murine and cynomolgus models. The results were found to be similar in both species. In the cynomolgus study, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 were injected IV at 23.5 mg/kg and aliquots of serum and plasma were collected at time points out to 840 hours post dose. Time points out to 168 hours were analyzed. Time point samples were affinity-purified using anti-Fc reagents, then analyzed using MALDI mass spectrometry. The results correlated well between the two analyses.

Analyzing data generated using immunoaffinity-MALDI, clipping at the P171 site was seen to be eliminated in the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) molecule as a result of the mutation of P171 to P171G. However, a minor and slow degradation resulting in a loss of up to 3 C-terminal residues was observed for Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (FIG. 32). The minor cleavages at the three C-terminal residues were also observed with other FGF21 mutants after the more susceptible cleavage site between amino acid residues 171 and 172 was blocked as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21. The 3 C-terminal residue cleavage may represent the cessation of cleavage from the C-terminal end of the molecule by a carboxypeptidase in a sequential, residue-by-residue fashion or a specific protease attack at amino acid residues 178 and 179 with non-specific clipping at amino acid residues 179-180 and 180-181. The loss of 2-3 amino acids at the C-terminus could cause reduced β-Klotho binding and ultimately decreased potency and in vivo activity of the molecule See, e.g., Yie et al., 2009, FEBS Lett. 583:19-24. To address the apparent carboxypeptidase degradation of the C-terminus, the impact of adding an amino acid residue “cap” to various FGF21 mutant polypeptides were studied. A variety of constructs, including those presented in Table 28, were made and assayed using the techniques described herein. Table 28 summarizes the results of the in vitro ELK luciferase assay.

Suitable amino acid caps can be between 1 and 15 amino acids in length, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 15 amino acids in length. Any number and type of amino acid(s) can be employed as a cap, for example, a single proline residue, and single glycine residue, two glycine residues, five glycine residues, as well as other combinations. Additional examples of caps are provided in the instant Example and in Table 19.

Additionally, to address the apparent protease attack at amino acid residues 178 and 179, mutation of amino acid residues at positions 179, 180 and 181 was studied. Again, a variety of constructs, including those presented in Table 28, were made and assayed using the techniques described herein. The impact of combinations of cap and mutations at these sites was also explored. Table 28 summarizes exemplary constructs that were made and studied in the in vitro ELK-luciferase assay, which was performed as described herein. Consistent with the terminology used herein, hFc means a human Fc sequence (i.e., SEQ ID NO:11), L15 refers to a linker having 15 residues (i.e., GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS, SEQ ID NO:28).

TABLE 28 Efficacy and EC50 Values for FGF21 Polypeptides Comprising C-terminal Modifications EC50 Constructs (nM) Efficacy huFGF21 0.4 100.0% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G) 2.5 76.1% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, Y179F) 2.6 78.3% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, 1-180) hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, 1-179) 7.8 77.4% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) 1.9 79.6% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181K) 130 87.9% GSGSGSGSGS-hFGF21-(L15)-hFc MKEDD-hFGF21-(L15)-hFc 834 83.1% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181P, P182) 272 69.9% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, A180G) 3.25 76.9% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181G) 3.43 77.3% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, L182) hFGF21(L98R, P171G, G182) hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, Y179P) 428 44.4% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, Y179G) 61 82.6% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, Y179S) 25.3 74.8% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, Y179A) 43.2 79.6% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181T) 3.07 77.6% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181A) 2.66 73.5% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181L) 3.46 72.6% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, S181P) 33.8 79.5% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, A180P) 617 77.1% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, A180S) 2.18 84.7% hFGF21(L98R, P171G, GGGGG182-6) hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, P182) 6.1 85.9% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, G182) 6.5 71.1% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(1-178, L98R, P171G) 167 63.9% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, GG182-3) 1941 84.2% hFc-(L15)-hFGF21(L98R, P171G, GGGGG182-6) 4307 99.7%

FIG. 33 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in diabetic db/db mice (C57B6 background) injected with a PBS control, wild type native FGF21, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and two capped molecules to which either a proline or glycine residue was added at the C-terminal end, i.e., Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G). In the instant Example, when a residue was added to the C-terminus of a wild-type or mutant FGF21 polypeptide, the residue is referred to by its position in the resultant protein. Thus, “182G” indicates that a glycine residue was added to the C-terminus of the mature 181 residue wild-type or mutant protein. FIG. 33 shows that native FGF21 lowered blood glucose levels for 6 hours while all three Fc-FGF21 mutants studied showed sustained blood glucose-lowering activity for at least 120 hours. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P), a molecule comprising the addition of a proline residue at the C-terminus of the FGF21 component of the fusion molecule, appeared most potent and resulted in lowest blood glucose levels compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G).

In a subsequent experiment, the in vivo activity of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P) was studied and compared to the in vivo activity of a capped molecule comprising a two glycine addition at the C-terminus, namely Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G, 183G). FIG. 34 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in ob/ob mice injected with PBS control, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G, 183G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P).

As shown in FIG. 34, all of the molecules studied showed sustained glucose-lowering activity compared with the PBS control. This experiment confirmed the previous results (FIG. 33) that Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182P) with a proline addition at the C-terminus showed slightly enhanced glucose-lowering efficacy compared with the molecule without a proline cap, e.g. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). However, the addition of two glycine residues at the C-terminus, e.g. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, 182G 183G), appeared to reduce the molecule's in vivo potency and shortened the duration of in vivo glucose-lowering effect.

FIG. 35 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in diabetic db/db mice (C57B6 background) injected with PBS control or the FGF21 mutant polypeptides Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y1795), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179A), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180S), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180G). All mutants showed similar glucose-lowering activity with similar duration of action.

FIG. 36 shows the percent change in blood glucose levels observed in diabetic db/db mice (C57B6 background) injected with vehicle control, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179F), and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E). Compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, Y179F) was less efficacious in lowering blood glucose. However, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E), in which alanine at amino acid position of 180 was mutated to glutamic acid, was more efficacious than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and caused additional 20% reduction of blood glucose levels compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). These data suggest that A180E mutation may have reduced the C-terminal degradation in vivo and thereby improved in vivo potency and efficacy of the molecule.

Example 22 Rhesus Monkey Study

An Fc-Linker-FGF21 construct was generated using methodology described herein. The construct comprised an IgG1 Fc sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) fused at the C-terminus to the L15 (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser linker sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) which was then fused at the C-terminus to the N terminus of a mature FGF21 sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), into which two mutations, L98R and P171G, had been introduced. This construct was then expressed and purified as described herein. A dimeric form of the protein was isolated, which was linked via intermolecular disulfide bonds between the Fc region of each monomer. This molecule is referred to in the instant Example 22 as “Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G)” and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 and is encoded by SEQ ID NO:42. In this Example, FGF21 refers to the mature form of FGF21, namely SEQ ID NO:4.

22.1 Study Design

The Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) construct was administered chronically and subcutaneously (“SC”) into non-diabetic male Rhesus monkeys with a BMI >35. Two other groups of monkeys (n=10 per group) were treated with either mature FGF21 (i.e., SEQ ID NO:4) or a vehicle control.

Animals were acclimated for 42 days prior to administration of any test compound and were then divided into groups of 10 and administered multiple SC injections of test compounds or control article in a blinded fashion, as depicted graphically in FIG. 37. In brief, each animal was injected once a day with compound or vehicle. FGF21 was administered daily, whereas Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was administered weekly. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and FGF21 doses were escalated every 2 weeks, as shown in FIG. 37. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the study. The CRO was blinded to the treatment.

Two oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed prior to the start of the treatment. OGTT1 was used to sort the animals into three equivalent groups having a similar distribution of animals based on area under the curve (AUC) and body weight. The results of the second OGTT (OGTT2) were used to confirm the sorting of the first OGTT (OGTT1). Monkeys with OGTT profiles that were inconsistent from one test (OGTT1) to the next (OGTT2) were excluded. The results of OGTTs 1 and 2 are shown in FIGS. 38A and 38B, with AUC measurements shown in FIG. 38C. Baseline body weight is shown in FIG. 38D and Table 20.

OGTTs 3, 4, and 5 were performed every 2 weeks at the end of each dose treatment of low, mid and high doses. Blood samples were collected from fasted animals weekly and were used to measure glucose, insulin, triglyceride levels, as well as the levels of test compound. Blood samples were also collected weekly during the 3-week washout period.

Baseline OGTT1 and OGTT2 showed an expected glucose profile as seen in normal animals, with a maximum plasma glucose obtained at 30 minutes, and demonstrated stable AUCs for the 3 different groups.

Fasting baselines values for plasma chemistry are shown in Table 29. Plasma chemistry measurements were performed on blood samples collected prior to the start of the treatment.

TABLE 29 Baseline Values for Body Weight, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Triglyceride Levels of the Three Groups of Rhesus Monkeys Fc-(L15)-FGF21 Vehicle FGF21 (L98R, P171G) N 10 10 10 Body weight (kg) 8.5 ± 0.5 8.7 ± 0.4  8.5 ± 0.4 Plasma glucose 91.9 ± 4.8  94.8 ± 5.3  82.2 ± 3.7 (mg/dL) Insulin (pg/mL) 942.6 ± 121.4 976.1 ± 107.7 1023.4 ± 205.1 Triglycerides 44.4 ± 4.8  58.6 ± 5.2  71.7 ± 9.8 (mg/dL)

Three different dose levels were selected, the low dose was 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, the mid dose was 0.3 and 1 mg/kg and the high dose was 1 and 5 mg/kg for FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G), respectively. Dose levels were chosen based on the observed dose-response in mice, with a dosing regimen based on the anticipated frequency of injection in humans. Equimolar doses of FGF21 were used for the low and mid doses, and the Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) high dose was raised to 5 mg/kg (i.e., instead of 3 mg/kg, which would have been equimolar to the 1 mg/kg FGF21 dose).

22.2 Effect of Test Compounds on Body Weight

In this experiment, in order to measure effect of the test compounds on body weight measured weekly, the percent body weight change from baseline was calculated weekly in the three different groups of Rhesus monkeys. Body weight was also measured during the three week of wash out period. Baseline body weight values for each group are included in Table 29.

Body weight was followed throughout the study, both pre- and post-administration of test compounds. Body weight percent change from baseline of the vehicle animals increased with time, whereas body weight of animals treated with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and FGF21 decreased in a dose-dependent fashion over the course of the 6 week treatment period, as shown in FIG. 39. As observed previously in rodents (Xu et al., Diabetes 58(1):250-9 (2009)), treatment with FGF21 statistically significantly decreased body weight. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) had a greater exposure than did FGF21 (FIG. 48 and FIG. 47, respectively), offering a possible explanation for the observation that Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) showed a more pronounced body weight decrease than FGF21.

22.3. Effect of Test Compounds on Insulin Levels

Insulin levels were measured in blood samples that had been collected after an overnight fast or after an afternoon meal.

Fasting plasma insulin levels were measured in Rhesus monkeys every week in animals treated with either vehicle, FGF21 or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and during the 3-week washout period. Fasted blood samples were drawn approximately five days after the last Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection and approximately 21 hours after the last FGF21 injection.

Fed plasma insulin levels were measured in Rhesus monkeys during the fifth and sixth week of treatment with either vehicle or FGF21 during the high dose treatment. Fed blood samples were drawn approximately three days after Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection and approximately 2 hours after last FGF21 injection. FIG. 40 shows the effect of vehicle, FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) on fasted insulin levels over the full nine week study, while FIG. 41 depicts fed insulin levels determined from samples taken during weeks 5 and 6.

Summarily, at the two highest doses, both FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) statistically significantly decreased fasted and fed plasma insulin levels. The observation that insulin levels of animals treated with FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) were decreased without observing increased glucose levels is indicative of increased insulin sensitivity.

22.4 Effect of Test Compounds on OGTT (Glucose and Insulin)

Three OGTTs (OGTTs 3, 4 and 5) were performed after treatment was initiated. OGTT5 glucose and insulin level profiles were measured in animals treated for 6 weeks with vehicle, FGF21 or Fc-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), corresponding to the last two weeks of the high dose escalation regimen. OGTT5 was conducted approximately 7 days after the last Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection, and approximately 21 hours after the last FGF21 injection. The OGTT5 glucose and insulin profiles are shown in FIG. 42 and FIG. 43, respectively. Animals treated with Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) showed an improved glucose clearance compared to vehicle-treated animals only at the highest dose and at the last time point measured, as shown in FIG. 42. At the end of the last dose, Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) showed the strongest improvement in glucose clearance. FGF21 showed no improvement in glucose clearance. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) had a greater exposure than did FGF21 (FIG. 48 and FIG. 47, respectively), offering a possible explanation for the observation that Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) showed a more pronounced effect in glucose clearance than FGF21. Insulin levels during OGTT5 were statistically significantly lowered at the last time point measured in animals treated with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) compared to animals treated with vehicle.

Glucose AUC percent change from baseline was calculated for the three OGTT (OGTTs 3, 4 and 5) performed at the end of each of the low, mid and high doses in the three groups different groups of Rhesus monkeys as shown in FIG. 44. OGTT5 was conducted approximately seven days after the last Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection and 21 hours after last FGF21 injection and showed that Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) statistically significantly reduced AUC5. Baseline OGTT values for each group are shown on FIG. 38C.

Fasted plasma glucose levels were measured on days when no OGTTs were performed. There were no meaningful statistical differences observed in fasted plasma glucose levels measured among the three groups of animals.

22.5 Effect of Test Compounds on Triglyceride Levels

Percent change of fasting plasma triglyceride levels was calculated in Rhesus monkeys every week in animals treated with either vehicle, FGF21 or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and during the 3-week washout period. Fasted blood samples were drawn approximately five days after last Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection and approximately 21 hours after last FGF21 injection. Triglyceride levels were measured every week after the treatment was initiated and percent changes from baseline are shown in FIG. 45, fasting baseline values are shown in Table 29.

As depicted in FIG. 45, animals treated with either Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) or FGF21 showed a dose-dependent decrease in triglyceride levels, with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) having the greatest lowering effect compared to FGF21.

FIG. 46 shows the plasma triglyceride levels in samples acquire from Rhesus monkeys in a fed state, during the fifth and sixth week of treatment with vehicle or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) or FGF21. Fed blood samples were drawn approximately 3 days after Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection and approximately 2 hours after last FGF21 injection. Fed plasma triglyceride levels of animals treated with FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) were statistically significantly reduced, compared to the triglyceride levels of animals treated with vehicle (FIG. 46).

22.6 Concentration of Test Compounds

The exposure of the tested compounds administered at approximately equivalent molar dose levels was assessed throughout the study period. The concentration of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was measured at pre-dose, and approximately 5 days after the last injection. FGF21 levels were measured at pre-dose, and at 5, 12, 19, and 26 days. Blood samples were drawn at approximately 21 hours after the last injection.

The individual concentration of the tested compounds in each monkeys are shown in FIGS. 47 and 48. As shown in FIG. 47, the majority of the animals in the FGF21-treated group had concentrations below the quantitation limit. FIG. 48 shows that animals in the Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G)-treated group had detectable levels of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) during each dosing phase (two weekly doses at the same dose strength). The average concentration from each dosing phase increased approximately dose-proportionally from 0.3 to 5 mg/kg for Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). There is minimal accumulation as demonstrated by the steady concentrations after the first and second weekly dose within each dose escalation phase for both compounds. During the treatment-free phase (washout period) Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) levels were detectable up to approximately day 47 (12 days post last dose) and were below lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) afterwards.

Exposure of the test compounds was also monitored during each OGTT. FGF21 was not detectable during OGTTs 3 and 4, following low- and mid-dose FGF21 treatment. However, measurable levels were observed during OGTT5, following high-dose treatment. A dose proportional increase in Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) levels was observed across the third to fifth OGTT with escalating dose levels, as shown in FIG. 49.

Compound levels data confirm that the animals were exposed to the expected amount of each compound, namely FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), in a dose escalation manner. A large variability was observed in the amount of FGF21 measured, which was an expected result considering the sampling was performed approximately 21 hours post the last dose and the half life of FGF21 is approximately 1 hour.

22.7 Conclusions

FGF21 decreased fasted and fed plasma triglyceride and insulin levels and decreased body weight at the highest doses. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) improved OGTT and decreased insulin levels at the highest dose, and dose dependently decreased fasted and fed plasma triglyceride levels as well as body weight. Both FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) decreased a number of metabolic parameters in the non diabetic Rhesus monkeys. Insulin and triglyceride level decreases were identical between FGF21 and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) when circulating compound levels were in a similar range, in the fed condition. Due to its improved properties, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was superior to FGF21 in most of the parameters measured and could be administered once-a-week to observe efficacy on metabolic parameters.

Example 23 Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) Fc Fusion Molecule

An Fc fusion comprising an FGF21 mutant, which was joined to an IgG1 Fc component by a linker, was generated. The FGF21 component of the Fc fusion comprised three point mutations engineered in the polypeptide sequence of FGF21, namely L98R, P171G, A180E (numbering based on the mature form of FGF21, provided as SEQ ID NO:4). This molecule was constructed by conjugating a human Fc (SEQ ID NO:11) to the N-terminus of the L98R, P171G, A180E mutant FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:39) via a 15 amino acid linker comprising the sequence of GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:31). This molecule was designated as “Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E)” and its full length amino acid sequence is shown in FIG. 50 and in SEQ ID NO:47; it is encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:46. In vitro testing of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) showed it is a potent stimulator of Erk phosphorylation in a recombinant cell line overexpressing β-Klotho. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) also showed enhanced β-Klotho binding affinity compared with Fc fusion of wild type FGF21 or Fc fusion of FGF21-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:45). When injected into diabetic animal models, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) reduced blood glucose levels, decreased body weight, and was suitable for biweekly injection.

23.1 In Vitro Activity of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E)

Experiments were performed to examine whether Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) retains similar activity to Fc fusion of wild type FGF21 or wild type native FGF21 in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed using a recombinant human 293T kidney cell system, in which the 293T cells overexpress β-Klotho and luciferase reporter constructs. β-klotho is a co-receptor required for FGF21 to activate FGF receptors and induce intracellular signal transduction, including Erk phosphorylation. The Erk-luciferase reporter constructs contain sequences encoding GAL4-ELK1 and 5×UAS-Luciferase reporter. The 5×UAS-Luciferase reporter is driven by a promoter containing five tandem copies of the Gal4 binding site. The reporter activity is regulated by the level of phosphorylated Erk, and is used to indirectly monitor and quantify FGF21 activity.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed by culturing the 293T cells in the presence of different concentrations of wild-type FGF21, Fc fusion of wild type FGF21, Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) for 6 hours, and then assaying the cell lysates for luciferase activity. The luminescences obtained in ELK-luciferase assays for each of the FGF21 constructs were expressed in y-axis and the compound concentrations were expressed in x-axis.

FIG. 51 shows the dose-response of the tested compounds in Erk-luciferase assays. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) retained similarly activity compared with Fc fusion of FGF21 wild type, suggesting that a combination of mutations with L98R, P171G and A180E didn't change the bioactivity of FGF21. Compared with native wild type FGF21, Fc fusion constructs showed slightly reduced potency and the maximal activity in this cell-based assay with the co-receptor β-Klotho overexpressed.

23.2 In Vitro Activity of Fc-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) Fusions Comprising Different Linker Sequences

A similar Fc fusion analog was generated by fusing the human IgG1 Fc to FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) via a different linker sequence, GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:28). This linker was designated L15 and the resulting fusion molecule was designated Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57). In this experiment, the effect of different linker sequences on the activity of Fc-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) fusions was studied.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed by culturing the 293T cells in the presence of different concentrations of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) for 6 hours, and then assaying the cell lysates for luciferase activity. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed similar activity to Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E), indicating that different linker sequences, e.g., (G4S)3 or L15 linkers, had no significant impact on the bioactivity of Fc-FGF21 fusions.

23.3 In Vitro Binding Affinity of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) for β-Klotho in Binding Assays

The binding of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) to human and cyno β-Klotho was tested in a Biacore solution equilibrium binding assay. The affinity of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was also compared with an Fc-fusion FGF21 analog with only L98R and P171G mutations, namely Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43).

Neutravidin was immobilized on a CM5 chip using amine coupling. Biotin-FGF21 was captured on the second flow cell to ˜1500 RU. The first flow cell was used as a background control. FGF21 mutants at 5× dilutions (0.032000 nM) were incubated with 10 nM human or 25 nM cyno β-Klotho in PBS plus 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 0.005% P20 at room temperature for 1 hour. Binding of the free β-Klotho in the mixed solutions was measured by injecting over the biotin-FGF21 surface. 100% β-Klotho binding signal was determined in the absence of FGF21 mutants in the solution. A decreased β-Klotho binding response with increasing concentrations of FGF21 mutants indicated that β-Klotho was binding to FGF21 mutants in solution, which blocked β-Klotho from binding to the immobilized biotin-FGF21 surface. Relative binding of the mixture versus molar concentration of FGF21 was plotted using GraphPad Prizm 5. EC₅₀ was calculated using one site competition nonlinear fit in the same software.

FIG. 52 showed the results from a Biacore solution equilibrium binding assay of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) to human (right) and cyno β-Klotho (left). Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed at least 2× improved binding activity to both human and cyno β-Klotho compared to Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G).

23.4 In Vivo Efficacy of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) in Diabetic db/db Mice

The question of whether Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) could exert metabolic beneficial effects, such as lowering blood glucose and reducing body weight, in diabetic db/db mice was studied. The study was also intended to examine the duration and dose response of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) after a single injection. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected into diabetic db/db mice. A vehicle (10 mM Tris, 2.2% sucrose, 3.3% Sorbitol, pH8.5)-treated group was also included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from each animal (n=10 per group) at baseline (before injection), and 6, 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours after injection. Blood glucose levels were measured with a OneTouch Glucometer (LifeScan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.). Body weight was measured at baseline (time 0), 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours after injection.

FIG. 53A shows the blood glucose levels in db/db mice at various time points following vehicle or Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) injection. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The maximum glucose reduction was about 50% from baseline or compared with the vehicle-treated group. The maximum effect was reached within 6 hours after injection and sustained for 120 hours post injection. The blood glucose levels started to return to baseline in about 168 hours. The estimated ED50, the dose required to achieve the half maximum effect, for Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was approximately 1 mg/kg in db/db mice.

FIG. 53B shows the effect of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) on body weight after a single injection into db/db mice. Results are expressed as change of body weight from time 0 (before injection). Vehicle-treated mice showed progressive and stable body weight gain during the 7 days study period. However, the rate of body weight growth was inhibited in mice treated with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) in a dose-dependent manner. The higher the dose, the longer the growth inhibition was. In one example, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) blunted body weight gain for 5 days at 3 mg/kg, 3 days at 1 mg/kg, or 1 day at 0.3 mg/kg. The growth rates were recovered afterwards. The estimated ED50 of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) on body weight reduction was approximately 1 mg/kg in this experiment.

23.5 Efficacy Comparison of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) in DIO Mice with Different Injection Frequencies

The study was to determine whether Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) could be injected less frequently than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) but achieve similar efficacy. The study was conducted in DIO mice with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) given once a week (Q7D) or once every two weeks (Q14D), or Fc-L15-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) administered at twice a week (BIW), Q7D or Q14D.

DIO mice were prepared by feeding 4-week old male C57BL/6 mice a high fat-diet that contained 60% of energy from fat enriched with saturated fatty acids (D12492, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, N.J.). After 12 weeks of high fat diet feeding, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured. DIO mice were then randomized into vehicle or treatment groups to achieve similar baseline average blood glucose levels and body weight. A total of 7 groups were included in the study: vehicle administered at Q7D; Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) administered at Q7D or Q14D; or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) administered at BIW, Q7D or Q14D. The injection was intraperitoneal and the study was carried out for 31 days. Body weight was measured weekly. A GTT was performed at study day 28 and the study was terminated at day 31. The study design is shown graphically in FIG. 54.

FIG. 55 shows the GTT profiles in mice treated with vehicle, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) at different dosing frequencies. Glucose tolerance was statistically significantly improved in mice treated with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) at either Q7D or Q14D dosing when compared with vehicle, suggesting that Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) is efficacious and suitable for Q14D administration in DIO mice. Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) improved glucose tolerance when administered at BIW or Q7D, but not Q14D, suggesting that Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) may be less suitable for Q14D injection in mice. The efficacy of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) at Q7D or Q14D was comparable to that of Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G) at BIW or Q7D respectively, suggesting that Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) could be given 2 fold less frequently than Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G).

FIG. 56 shows changes of body weight from baseline (day 0) in mice treated vehicle, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) at different dosing frequencies. Mice treated Q7D with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) lost significant body weight as did mice treated BIW with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). The body weight was moderately reduced in mice treated Q14D with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Q7D with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). No significant body weight effect was observed in mice treated Q14D with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). The effect on body weight was consistent with that on GTT as described above, suggesting that Fc-(G4S)4-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was efficacious at Q14D dosing and required about 2 fold less frequent injections than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) to achieve the same effect.

Example 24 Hydrogel Formulations Comprising FGF21 Mutants

As a formulation agent for protein-based therapeutics, hydrogels offer a number of desired properties. For example, hydrogels preserve the native structure and function of the protein incorporated in the hydrogel. Moreover, they are well tolerated and depending on the polymer and type of crosslinking, they may be biodegradable. Additionally, hydrogels have previously been used successfully for sustained release of proteins. Accordingly, hydrogels were investigated as a possible delivery method for the FGF21 mutants disclosed herein.

For all experiments described in this example, hydrogels were prepared as follows. A1.25% bovine gelatin (Sigma) solution in PBS was prepared. The cross-linking agent methacrylic anhydride was added to a molar ratio (MA to gelatin) of 16:1, 24:1 or 32:1. The resulting solution was dialyzed against water to remove any un-polymerized methacrylamide to create a hydrogel vehicle. Finally, the hydrogel vehicle was lyophilized and stored at 4° C. until ready to make hydrogels comprising an FGF21 mutant. This prep can be used to prepare gelatin-based hydrogel vehicles that can subsequently be adapted to comprise any of the FGF21 mutants disclosed herein.

Hydrogels with specific FGF21 mutants were then prepared. Starting with a 10% lyophilized, methacrylic gelatin hydrogel vehicle, solutions were prepared. The hydrogel vehicles were warmed and then centrifuged to dissolve and liquify the lyophilized MA gelatin hydrogel vehicle. The selected FGF21 protein, (FGF21 (L98R, P171G), (SEQ ID NO:37)) in the instant Example), was then added to the liquefied gelatin solution to a pre-determined concentration. A TEMED stock solution was then added. A KPS stock solution was then added and the solution was mixed gently. 1 ml syringes were filled to 200 μl and allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours at room temperature. The syringes were stored at −20° C. and thawed at 4° C. overnight prior to use. Hydrogel vehicle comprising 10 mM Tris, 9% sucrose, pH8.5 with no FGF21 mutant added was used as a control.

For the in vivo experiments, the syringes were put on heating pad at 37° C. for approximately 10 minutes before injection into the animals.

24.1 In Vitro Activity of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) Released from 10% Hydrogels with Various Crosslink Ratios

A goal of this experiment was to test whether FGF21 (L98R, P171G) released from hydrogel is biologically active compared with the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay.

FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was prepared and incorporated into 10% methacrylic gelatin solutions with methacrylic gelatin crosslink ratios at 16:1, 24:1 and 32:1 as described. The hydrogels were then dispersed into an in vitro buffer solution to allow release of FGF21 (L98R, P171G). The medium were collected after 100 or 150 hours and subject to in vitro assays for FGF21 (L98R, P171G) activity. Analytical assays (e.g., SDS-PAGE, size exclusion HPLC, and reverse phase HPLC) show the FGF21 (L98R, P171G) released was intact at all time points.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed using a recombinant human 293T kidney cell system, in which the 293T cells overexpress β-Klotho and luciferase reporter constructs. β-Klotho is a co-receptor that is required by FGF21 for activation of its FGF receptors. The FGF receptors used in this assay are endogenous FGF receptors expressed in 293T kidney cell. The luciferase reporter constructs contain sequences encoding GAL4-ELK1 and a luciferase reporter driven by a promoter containing five tandem copies of the Gal4 binding site (5×UAS-Luc). Luciferase activity is regulated by the level of phosphorylated Erk/ELK1, and is used to indirectly monitor and quantify FGF21 activity.

ELK-luciferase assays were performed by culturing the 293T cells in the presence of different concentrations of the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) or hydrogel-released FGF21 (L98R, P171G) for 6 hours, and then assaying the cell lysates for luciferase activity. FIG. 57 shows the in vitro results from the ELK-luciferase assay. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) released from hydrogels with methacrylic gelatin crosslink ratios at 16:1, 24:1 and 32:1 was biologically active with equivalent activity to the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G). The data demonstrated that the hydrogel preserved the structure and function of the incorporated protein and the released FGF21 (L98R, P171G) is active and stable even after 10-15 hours in the medium.

24.2 In Vivo Efficacy of Hydrogel FGF21 (L98R, P171G) at Different Crosslink Ratios in ob/ob Mice

The goal of this experiment was to determine whether an FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel prepared with methacrylic gelatin crosslink ratios at 24:1 and 32:1 provided a sustained release of biologically active FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in vivo and ultimately resulting in longer in vivo efficacy as compared with native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G). In addition, based on the assessment of in vitro release rates, it was determined that higher cross-linking ratios of methacrylic gelatin gives better sustained release of the incorporated FGF21 (L98R, P171G). Therefore, another goal of this experiment was to compare two FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogels prepared with methacrylic gelatin crosslink ratios at 24:1 and 32:1.

FGF21 possesses a number of biological activities, including the ability to lower blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels; reduce body weight; or improve glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, or insulin sensitivity. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogels were introduced into insulin resistant ob/ob mice, and the abilities of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel to lower blood glucose and reduce body weight were measured. The procedure for the in vivo work was as follows.

Hydrogels were prepared using the procedure described above. 8 week old ob/ob mice (Jackson Laboratory) were hair-shaved at the injection site and were anesthetized with isoflurane and O₂ just before injection. Hydrogels (0.2 ml) were slowly injected under the skin and Vetbond was applied at the injection site after injection. Vehicle (10 mM Tris, 9% sucrose pH8.5) or native FGF21 (L98R, P171G) were also included in the experiment and injected similarly as hydrogels. Animals were returned to their cage after awaking from anesthesia. Blood samples were obtained before injection and at various time points following injection, e.g., 0, 3, 6, 24, 72, 120, 192 and 264 hours after injection. Blood glucose levels were measured with a OneTouch Glucometer (LifeScan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.). Body weight was also monitored.

FIGS. 58 and 59 summarize the results of the experiment. Compared with vehicle or control hydrogel, the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) rapidly reduced blood glucose levels at 3 and 6 hr post injection. However, the in vivo activity of the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G) waned and the blood glucose levels returned to baseline 24 hours after injection. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogels resulted in blood glucose reduction as early as 3 hr post injection and the activity was sustained up to 8 days. There was no significant difference between the crosslink ratios at 24:1 or 32:1. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel groups also showed slower body weight gain than mice treated with vehicle or hydrogel alone. These results demonstrated that FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogels prepared with methacrylic gelatin crosslink ratios at 24:1 and 32:1 are capable of providing a sustained release of biologically active FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in vivo and ultimately resulting in longer in vivo efficacy as compared with the native form of FGF21 (L98R, P171G).

24.3 In Vivo Efficacy of Hydrogel FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) at Different Crosslink Ratios in db/B6 Mice

Hydrogel formulations were prepared using bovine gelatin (Sigma) and several FGF21 mutants and constructs, namely FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E). A hydrogel control was also prepared. The 0.2 mL of hydrogel was placed in a 1 ml syringe having a 21G needle.

Hydrogel controls and hydrogels comprising an FGF21 mutant were prepared as described above. 8 week old db/B6 mice (Jackson Laboratory) were hair-shaved at the injection site and were anesthetized with isoflurane and O₂ just before injection. Hydrogels (0.2 ml) were slowly injected under the skin and Vetbond was applied at the injection site after injection. Vehicle (10 mM Tris, 9% sucrose pH8.5) or native FGF21 (L98R, P171G) were also included in the experiment and injected similarly as hydrogels. Animals were returned to their cage after awaking from anesthesia. Blood samples were obtained before injection and at various time points following injection, e.g., 0, 24, 96, 168, 240, 312 hours after injection. Blood glucose levels were measured with a OneTouch Glucometer (LifeScan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.). Body weight was also monitored.

The experimental design was as follows:

Group of animals (n = 9 per group) A. Control hydrogel 32:1 (10%) MA:HU4 200 μl B. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel 32:1 (10%) MA:HU4 0.5 mg/ mouse (200 μl, ~10 mg/kg) C. FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel 32:1 (10%) MA:HU4 1.5 mg/ mouse (200 μl ~30 mg/kg) D. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (no hydrogel) 3 mg/kg

Various parameters were measured and the results of the experiments are shown in FIGS. 60-63. FIG. 60 shows the change in blood glucose over the course of the 14 day experiment, while FIG. 61 shows the percent change in blood glucose over the same period. FIG. 62 shows the change in body weight over the course of the 14 day experiment, while FIG. 63 shows the percent change in body weight over the same period.

The results of the experiment shown graphically in FIGS. 60-63 can be summarized as follows:

FGF21 (L98R, P171G) 32:1(10%)MA:HU4 at 10 mg/kg was efficacious in reducing blood glucose at 24 hours post injection and the blood glucose level returned to baseline between 4-7 days.

FGF21 (L98R, P171G) 32:1(10%)MA:HU4 at 30 mg/kg was more efficacious in reducing blood glucose than the 10 mg/kg dosage, and the blood glucose level was seen to return to baseline between 7-10 days.

Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) at 3 mg/kg itself reduced blood glucose at 24 hours post injection to a degree that was similar to FGF21 (L98R, P171G) at 30 mg/kg from hydrogels.

The hydrogel control (which did not comprise an FGF21 mutant) did not have any effect in reducing blood glucose.

The FGF21 (L98R, P171G) hydrogel groups and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21(L98R, P171G, A180E) (which was not presented in a hydrogel) showed reduced body weight gain compared to mice treated with a hydrogel control.

Example 25 Cynomolgus Monkey Study

Two Fc-Linker-FGF21 constructs were generated using methodology described herein. One construct comprised an IgG1 Fc sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) fused at the C-terminus to a (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser linker sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) which was then fused to the N terminus of a mature FGF21 sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), in which two mutations, L98R and P171G, were introduced. This molecule is referred to in the instant Example as “Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G)” (SEQ ID NO:43). A second construct comprised an IgG1 Fc sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) fused at the C-terminus to a (Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser linker sequence (SEQ ID NO:31) which was then fused to the N terminus of a mature FGF21 sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), in which three mutations, L98R, P171G, and A180E, were introduced. This molecule is referred to in the instant Example as “Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E)” (SEQ ID NO:47). These constructs were then expressed and purified as described herein, and were isolated as a dimeric form of the protein, each monomer of which was linked via intermolecular disulfide bonds between the Fc region of each monomer.

25.1 Study Design

The study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys with characteristics of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The monkeys were 8-18 years old. Their body weights ranged from 5-15 kg and BMI ranged from 32-70 kg/m2. 44 monkeys were acclimated for 6 weeks prior to the initiation of compound administration. During the acclimation period, monkeys were trained 4 times a week for 4 weeks to familiarize the procedures including chair-restrain, subcutaneous injection (PBS, 0.1 ml/kg), gavage (Water, 10 ml/kg), blood drawn for non OGTT and OGTT samples. After 4 weeks of training, baseline OGTT and plasma metabolic parameters were measured. 40 out of 44 monkeys were selected and randomized into three treatment groups to achieve similar baseline levels of body weight, OGTT AUC response, and plasma glucose and triglyceride levels.

The study was conducted in a blind fashion. Vehicle (n=14), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (n=13) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (n=13) were labeled as compound A, B and C and administered once a week via subcutaneous injection. Compounds were given in a dose-escalation fashion from low (0.3 mg/kg), medium (1 mg/kg) to high (3 mg/kg) levels and the dose was escalated every three weeks. After 9 weeks of compound treatments, animals were monitored for additional 3 weeks for compound washout and recovery from treatments. Food intake, body weight, clinical chemistry and OGTT were monitored throughout the study. Food intake was measured every meal. Body weight was measured weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly 5 days post each injection to measure glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels. OGTTs were conducted every three weeks after the initiation of treatments (at the end of each dose level). The day starting the treatment is designated as 0 and the detailed study plan is shown in FIG. 64.

The results shown in this example are data collected at the end of 9 weeks treatment.

25.2 Effect of Test Compounds on Food Intake

Animals were fed twice a day, with each animal receiving 120 g of formulated food established during the acclimation period. The remaining food was removed and weighed after each meal to calculate food intake. The feeding time were from 8:00 AM to 8:30 AM (±30 minutes) and then from 4:30 PM to 5:00 PM (±30 minutes). To produce treats, apple (150 g) was supplied to each animal at 11:30 to 12:30 PM (±30 minutes) every day.

Compared with vehicle, both Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) reduced food intake in monkeys (FIGS. 65, 66 and 67). Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) inhibited food intake on every meal including AM, fruit and PM meals at 0.3 mg/kg dose. However, the effect diminished and the food intake returned close to baseline or control levels after about 30 days of treatment when the dose was escalated to 1 mg/kg. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) didn't have a significant effect on AM food intake and only modestly reduced food intake on PM meal when the dose was escalated to 1 and 3 mg/kg. However, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) reduced fruit intake similarly as Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E). Overall, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed a stronger effect on inhibiting food intake than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). The effect on food intake appeared to be short term and food intake was recovered after approximately 30 days of treatment.

25.3. Effect of Test Compounds on Body Weight

Body weight was monitored weekly throughout the study. Over the course of the 9 week treatments, the body weight of animals treated with vehicle remained constant while body weight of animals treated with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) progressively decreased. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) resulted in a more pronounced body weight decrease than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) as shown in FIG. 68.

25.4. Effect of Test Compounds on Body Mass Index (BMI), Skin Fold Thickness (SFT) and Abdominal Circumference (AC)

BMI, SFT and AC were monitored weekly throughout the study, both pre- and post-administration of test compounds when the body weight was taken. BMI is defined as the individual's body weight divided by the square of his or her height. SFT is the thickness of a double layer of skin and the fat beneath it with a special caliber that exerts a constant tension on the site. BMI, SFT and AC are relatively accurate, simple, and inexpensive measurements of body composition particularly indicative of subcutaneous fat. Animals treated with vehicle showed relatively stable BMI, SFT and AC throughout the study. Animals treated with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed decreased levels of BMI, SFT and AC over the course of the 9 week study, suggesting both compounds resulted in reduction of fat mass. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was more effective and resulted in more pronounced reductions in BMI, SFT and AC than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). Results are shown in FIGS. 69, 70 and 71, respectively.

25.5 Effect of Test Compounds on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

Blood was collected from overnight fasted animals. The blood drawn was conducted weekly at 5 days post each injection. Both Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) reduced fasting blood glucose levels. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) reduced fasting blood glucose levels at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg and the maximum glucose reduction was achieved when the dose was escalated to 1 mg/kg. However, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) only resulted in a modest reduction of blood glucose levels at the highest dose tested (3 mg/kg). Therefore, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was more efficacious and produced more pronounced blood glucose reduction than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). No hypoglycemia was observed in any of the monkeys treated with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). FIG. 72 shows the levels of fasting plasma glucose during the course of study.

25.6 Effect of Test Compounds on Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

OGTTs were conducted before and after initiation of treatments. Post-dose OGTTs were performed every three weeks to test compound effect at each dose level. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) improved glucose tolerance at all tested doses from 0.3 to 3 mg/kg. Glucose levels were reduced and the glucose excursion following a bolus of glucose challenge increased in response to Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) treatment. There was no dose-response observed suggesting that Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) achieved its maximal effect at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) only resulted in an improvement of glucose tolerance at 1 mg/kg dose and it was not clear why the effect diminished when the dose was escalated to 3 mg/kg. FIG. 73 shows pre- and post-OGTT curve profiles and the area under the OGTT curve.

25.7 Effect of Test Compounds on Trigylceride Levels

Blood was collected from overnight fasted animals. The blood drawn was conducted weekly at 5 days post each injection. Triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in animals treated with Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). However, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was more effective than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G). Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) resulted in a maximal reduction of plasma triglyceride levels at 0.3 mg/kg while Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) only resulted in an intermediate reduction of triglyceride levels with the highest tested dose (3 mg/kg). FIG. 74 shows the levels of fasting plasma triglycerides during the course of study.

25.8 Effect of Test Compounds on Total Cholesterol and HDL-Cholesterol Levels

Blood was collected from overnight fasted animals. The blood drawn was conducted weekly at 5 days post each injection. Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels tended to increase following Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) treatment. FIGS. 75 and 76 show the levels of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol over the course of study.

25.9 Conclusions

In a dose-escalation study conducted in male IGT cynomolgus monkeys, animals treated with Fc conjugated FGF21 mutants, namely Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), showed improved metabolic parameters. Body weight was reduced and body composition was improved. Short-term reduction of food intake was observed and the food intake recovered to baseline or control levels mid study. Fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels were also reduced by both compounds, Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) or Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G). OGTT was improved and HDL-cholesterol levels were slightly elevated. Compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G), Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) appeared to be superior to Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in all parameters measured at any tested dose. Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) achieved its maximal effects for most of the parameters measured when administered at 0.3 mg/kg. Therefore the therapeutic effective dose of Fc-(G4S)3-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) in higher species may be lower than 0.3 mg/kg.

Example 26 Stability Study in Cynomolgus Monkeys

This study was designed to determine whether Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) was more protease-resistant than Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43). Carboxy terminal processing were observed following Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) injection into mice or monkeys as shown in Example 21. The degradation resulted in a successive loss of 1 to 3 amino acid residues from the C-terminus Efforts by capping the C-terminus or introducing additional mutations into the C-terminus of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) yielded a superior molecule Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E). This study was designed to assess whether Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) had improved in vivo stability compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G).

Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) constructs were generated. These constructs comprised an IgG1 Fc sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) fused at the C-terminus to a (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser linker sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) which was then fused to the N terminus of a mature FGF21 sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), in which either two mutations, L98R, P171G, or three mutations, L98R, P171G, and A180E, were introduced. These constructs were then expressed and purified as described herein, and were isolated as a dimeric form of the protein, each monomer of which was linked via intermolecular disulfide bonds between the Fc region of each monomer.

The in vivo stability of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was compared in male cynomolgus monkeys. Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) were intravenously injected into cynomolgus monkeys at 23.5 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at various time points following a single iv injection Immunoaffinity-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to monitor metabolites at each time point following injection. Results are shown in FIG. 77.

Compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21(L98R, P171G), Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed significantly reduced C-terminal degradation with fewer detectable mass peaks adjacent to the parental peak of the intact molecule, suggesting that the A180E mutation slowed down C-terminal peptidase degradation. Larger truncations with mass losses estimated at [1-376], [1-394] and [1-401] were also observed and the sites corresponded to 133-134, 153-154 and 158-159 in the FGF21 polypeptide sequence. The internal endopeptidase clipping contributed to the overall metabolism of both Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E), and the A180E mutation did not appear to significantly impact the rate of internal endopeptidase degradation.

In order to increase the resolution and provide details of the degradation mixture, MRM (multiple-reaction-monitoring) LC-MS mass spectrometry was also performed to monitor various forms of the C-terminal degradation fragments. Monkey samples were affinity-purified and then subjected to Asp-N digestion. The C-terminal digested peptides were then monitored by MRM. Results for various forms of the C-terminal degradation fragments are expressed as relative amount to full length peptide species (%) shown in FIG. 78. Consistent with MALDI spectra, the MRM semi-quantitative analysis of the C-terminal fragments also showed reduced relative abundance of the peptide fragments missing 1-3 amino acids from the C-terminus and the increased relative abundance of the intact molecule in monkeys administered with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G).

In summary, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed reduced C-terminal degradation and enhanced in vivo stability compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in cynomolgus monkeys.

Example 27 Pharmacokinetics of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in Mice

This study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetics of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) (SEQ ID NO:57) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) (SEQ ID NO:43) following a single intravenous dose to male C57BL/6 mice.

Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) were given at 20 mg/kg through intravenous injection. Blood samples were collected at 0.083 (5 minutes), 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, and 240 hours post-dosing. In order to determine plasma concentrations of intact full-length molecule, an ELISA assay with the immunoreactivity directed to the N-terminal and C-terminal FGF21 was developed. The assay tracks the full length intact molecule with negligible contaminations from other degradation products. The plasma concentrations of intact Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) and Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) over a period of 240 hours following intravenous injection in mice are shown in FIG. 79.

The plasma concentrations of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) were significantly higher than those of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) administered at the same dose level from 24 to 168 hours post injection. A significant amount of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was measurable at 168 hours post injection in mice. As a result, Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) showed increased AUC coverage and plasma circulating half-life by 2 fold compared with Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) in mice. The half-life of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G, A180E) was 16.6 hours and that of Fc-(L15)-FGF21 (L98R, P171G) was 9.4 hours. Both compounds were below detectable level at 240 hours post dose.

Example 28 Generation of N-linked Glycosylation Mutants to Improve Solubility or Decrease C-Terminal Clipping to Increase Half-Life

FGF21 mutants were designed and generated to create potential N-linked glycosylation sites for mammalian expression with minimal disruption to the native amino acid sequence. The mutants constructed include FGF21 (Y179N, S181T) (SEQ ID NO:161), FGF21 Y179N (SEQ ID NO:163) and FGF21 P124S (SEQ ID NO:165).

Expression of the mutants was performed transiently in 293-6E cells and conditioned media was tested for activity in an ELK-luciferase in vitro assay. ELK-luciferase assays were performed as described in Example 4, with the exception that serial dilutions of conditioned media were used rather than different concentrations of purified proteins.

Analysis of the conditioned media revealed that increased glycosylation compared to wild type was not achieved in the transient expression system. FIG. 80 shows the results of an ELK-luciferase activity assay. The results shown in FIG. 80 demonstrate that the FGF21 P124S mutant did not adversely impact FGF21 activity but the FGF21 Y179N and FGF21 (Y179N, S181T) mutants, in the absence of glycosylation, resulted in reduced activity as assayed in the ELK-luciferase assay.

While the present invention has been described in terms of various embodiments, it is understood that variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations that come within the scope of the invention as claimed. In addition, the section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

All references cited in this application are expressly incorporated by reference herein for any purpose. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:4 or 8, wherein the isolated polypeptide further comprises: (a) the substitution of any amino acid for one or more of: (i) the leucine residue at position 98; (ii) the proline residue at position 171; (iii) the alanine residue at position 180; and (b) one or more substitutions selected from the mutations of Tables 2-10.
 2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the one or more substitutions of (b) comprises one or more mutations is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a cysteine mutation of Table 2; (b) an engineered disulfide bond of Table 3; (c) a stability enhancing mutation from Table 4; (d) a proteolysis-resistant mutation from Table 5; (e) an aggregation mutation from Table 6; (f) a C-terminal degradation mutation from Table 7; (g) a glycosylation mutation from Table 8; (h) an O-glycosylation-resistant mutation selected form Table 9; (i) a mutation selected from Table 10; and (j) combinations of (a)-(i).
 3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the cysteine mutation of (a) comprises a cysteine at a position selected from the group consisting of: 18-31, 33, 35-50, 54, 56-62, 64-73, 75-104, 106-135, 137-140, 152-154, 163 and
 167. 4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the engineered disulfide bond comprises a pair of cysteine residues at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of: 19-138, 20-139, 21-33, 22-137, 22-139, 23-25, 23-28, 24-135, 25-122, 26-122, 27-123, 28-43, 28-124, 31-43, 33-21, 35-84, 41-82, 42-124, 42-126, 43-124, 50-69, 54-66, 58-62, 67-72, 67-135, 72-84, 73-93, 75-85, 75-92, 76-109, 77-79, 77-81, 80-129, 82-119, 94-110, 95-107, 100-102, 102-104, 115-117, 117-129, 117-130, 118-132, 118-134, 121-127, 123-125, 127-132, and 152-163.
 5. The isolated protein of claim 2, wherein the stability enhancing mutation comprises a D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N or Q at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of: 42, 54, 77, 81, 86, 88, 122, 125, 126, 130, 131, 139, 145, 146, 152, 154, 156, 161, 163, 170, and
 172. 6. The isolated protein of claim 2, wherein the proteolysis resistant mutation is selected from the group consisting of: (a) Q, I or K at position 19; (b) H, L or F at position 20; (c) I, F, Y or V at position 21; (d) I, F or V at position 22, (e) A or R at position 150; (f) A or V at position 151; (g) H, L, F or V at position 152; (h) A, D, N, C, Q, E, P, or S at position 170; (i) A, R, N, D, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T, W or Y at position 171; (j) L or T at position 172; and (k) R or E at position
 173. 7. The isolated protein of claim 2, wherein the aggregation-reducing mutation is selected from the group consisting of: (a) E, K or R at position 26; (b) E K, R, Q, or T at position 45; (c) T at position 52; (d) C, E or S at position 58; (e) A, E, K or R at position 60; (f) A, C, H or R at position 78; (g) C or T at position 86; (h) A, E, K, R or S at position 88; (i) C, E, K, Q, or R at position 98; (j) C, D, E, or R at position 99; (k) K or T at position 111; (l) D, E, H, K, N, R or Q at position 129; and (m) E, H, K or Y at position
 134. 8. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the C-terminal degradation mutation is selected form the group consisting of: (a) G, E, P or S at position 180; (b) G, P, K, T, A, L or P at position 181; and (c) A P, G, S or A at position
 179. 9. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the O-glycosylation-resistant mutation is selected from the group consisting of: S167A, S167E, S167D, S167N, S167Q, S167G, S167V, S167H, S167K and S167Y.
 10. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein (a) the mutation at position 98 is selected from the group consisting of L98R, L98C, L98E, L98Q, L98K and L98T; (b) the mutation at position 171 is selected from the group consisting of P171A, P171R, P171N, P171D, P171C, P171E, P171Q, P171G, P171H, P171K, P171S, P171T, P171W and P171Y; (c) the mutation at position 180 is selected from the group consisting of A180G, A180E, A180P and A180S.
 11. The isolated polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the mutation at position 98 is L98R, the mutation at position 171 is P171G and the mutation at position 180 is A180E.
 12. The isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1-11, further comprising (i) an N-terminal truncation of 8 or fewer residues; (ii) a C terminal truncation of 12 or fewer residues; (iii) an N-terminal truncation of 8 or fewer residues and a C terminal truncation of 12 or fewer residues.
 13. The isolated polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal.
 14. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1 or 11, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 8, but wherein if the polypeptide comprises L98R, P171G and A180E mutations, the L98R, P171G and A180E mutations are not further modified.
 15. The isolated polypeptide of any of claim 1 or 11, further comprising 1 to 10 amino acid residues fused to the C-terminus of the polypeptide.
 16. The isolated polypeptide of claim 15, wherein the 1 to 10 amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of glycine, proline and combinations thereof.
 17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1 or 11, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to one or more polymers.
 18. The isolated polypeptide of claim 17, wherein the polymer is PEG.
 19. A fusion polypeptide comprising the isolated polypeptide of any of claim 1 or 11 fused to a heterologous amino acid sequence.
 20. The fusion polypeptide of claim 19, wherein the heterologous amino acid sequence is an IgG constant domain or fragment thereof.
 21. The fusion polypeptide of claim 20, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:171 or SEQ ID NO:11.
 22. The fusion polypeptide of claim 20, wherein the polypeptide is fused to the heterologous amino acid sequence via a linker.
 23. The fusion polypeptide of claim 22, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of polyalanines, (Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:29), (Gly)₅ (SEQ ID NO:30), (Gly)₅-Ser-(Gly)₃-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:28), (Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser-(Gly)₄-Ser (SEQ ID NO:31), (Gly)₃-Lys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:32), (Gly)₃-Asn-Gly-Ser-(Gly)₂ (SEQ ID NO:33), (Gly)₃-Cys-(Gly)₄ (SEQ ID NO:34), Gly-Pro-Asn-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID NO:35), Gly-Ser(Gly₄Ser)₃ (SEQ ID NO:166), (Gly₄Ser)₄ (SEQ ID NO:167), (Gly₄S)₂ (SEQ ID NO:168), DAAAKEAAAKDAAAREAAARDAAAK (SEQ ID NO:169), and NVDHKPSNTKVDKR (SEQ ID NO:170).
 24. A multimer comprising two or more fusion polypeptides of claim
 23. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1-24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent.
 26. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 25. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity.
 29. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of any of claims 1-24.
 30. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule claim
 29. 31. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 29. 